Gender Stereotypes Essay

Gender stereotypes in the society have been existing for a long period of time. This has been due to their intensively conventional simplified and persuasively convincing reference that makes people to easily belief them. Though these stereotypes have been adopted by majority of the people as part of their culture, they are wrong and should be discouraged as they are highly generalized, give wrong perceptions, discourage full potential exploitation from the people or make certain them to adopt unhealthy harmful practices in society (Richard & Zoe,2003). Change to the gender stereotypes perception will form the basis of equality for both male a d females in all areas of development thereby portraying the greater sense of social civilization in the 21st century. Gender stereotypes in the society are dynamic and greatly influenced by the changing economic modes and social ideologies in the societal setting. They are greatly adoptive in different regions of the globe especially in the modern era of verbalization (Theresa, 2005). This paper explores the gender stereotypes and myths in our society and how they influence the intent by individuals to adopt or pursue specific lines of development like careers, sports, modeling and even political ambitions. It also examines the current situation and the extent to which the society have been influenced by the gender stereotypes. With major comparisons and possible projections to enhance increased efficiency in the society, suggestions are highlighted to assist in reducing the major impacts resulting from the vice. 1. History and development of gender stereotypes in the society. Biologically, men and women are different and therefore have different functions that goes along with their natural being. Though this has been used to indicate different views on the their society expectations, it is greatly misleading and can hinder full potential exploitation from different genders. Since long time in history, man has been depicted to represent brightness, hardness and positivity in the society. Through out the time, men have also been considered as the heads of the households and responsible for making appropriate decisions in the political arena. On the other hand, women have characteristically been expected to be submissive, piety and highly domestic oriented in the society. They are required to assume softer roles and be less aggressive in order to be bale to mentor the children as they grow (Richard & Zoe, 2003). In majority of the societies like in China and Latin America, females were mainly supposed to perform household chores like cooking cleaning, tending to children and looking after their husbands. Also, they were expected to work in the farms and not in industrial regions as the heavy jobs were reservations for men. In the modern western world cultures, young men are portrayed as being obnoxious, violent at times and prideful about promiscuity in their lives. They are also expected to be assertive, more intelligent, risk taking, combative, insensitive and tough, while women should posses politeness, slim figure, act as nurturers and homemakers. Through out the history, little changes have taken place to fully appreciate the input of women in the society both economically and politically (Margaret, 2003). However, increase in the representation at high decision policy making positions and encouragement to the women to take higher risks in the economic arena indicates the changing trends in perception of the gender stereotypes. Unlike in the mid 19th century, all the high positions in the US government both gender representation. Appreciation has increasingly been recognized with the number of female senators to the federal government continuously rising. Other areas of middle and high class diplomatic leadership have also increased the democratic space for both genders representation with minimal or no bias at all. 2. Impacts of gender stereo types on education and careers As indicated earlier, females are perceived as being less competitive and possessing reduced ability to pursue careers in mathematics, engineering, medicine and other science oriented occupations in the society. Women are mythically considered to be qualitative as opposed to men who are perceived to be highly quantitative therefore making the girls themselves to believe that mathematics and sciences are for men only (Margaret, 2003). Some of the societies in the East, Africa and the Caribbean have the tendency to direct the girls to social art oriented careers while boys are offered more opportunities in the diverse scientific careers that are considered more prestigious. This stereotyping and mythical believe is not only wrong but unethical as it acts to block the overall potentials of the females to pursue different careers related to sciences. There is no empirical statistics that show women have less ability to perform well in the science oriented careers. Limiting them to less competitive careers has seen their reduced contribution to the society and acts to solidify more stereotype myths that portray them as domestic oriented as opposed to active participation in the economic development (Williams, 2006). To add to that, education preference has been more oriented to the boy child as opposed to the girl in the developing world. It is considered as less productive to educate a girl than to educate a boy since girls would sooner be married off therefore losing the prior investment on them. The current globalized society’s success being based on education, the girl child is therefore less advantaged to access the major benefits of the high technological world. Marxism theories indicates that increase in living standards is dependent on the ability to provide skilled labor to the capitalistic world. He continues to infer that all factors of production should be dynamic in application for high competition and maximum returns to be realized. As a result, limiting female children from education barricades them from possible future development and innovations as their negotiating capacity is fully crippled (Theresa, 2005). However, this perception has been proved wrong as more women are increasingly struggling and achieving equal or higher scholarly achievements than their men counterparts in the scientific careers. Major educational researches and scholarly work have been done by women and received major recognitions. However, such achievement are not emphasized on since stereotypes tend to rely more on generalized aspects than the reality. Higher education and science subjects limitation due to the major stereotypes in the society, kills the overall desire of the female children to pursue different education careers as they would be perceived to be odd. In Trinidad and Tobago, despite the government great initiative to have more girls participate in science oriented subjects, over 80% of them prefer hospitality and secretarial studies (Margaret, 2003). As a result of stereotyping men as generally good in the society to pursue scientific subjects careers, excess assumptions are laid on their abilities with priorities and talents not being emphasized on. Therefore, there is general tendency of the men to pursue careers in sciences as opposed general arts. Engineering profession in US has only about 25% of the people working there being women and 75% being men (Williams, 2006). In the Medical schools in Australia, the ratio of men to women is 1:3 indicating the high level of gender stereotype in the country. Both genders should be given equal priorities to develop their careers as they are all gifted and talented differently. As a basic requirement in the society, scientific skills must be emphasized to both genders for faster transformation of the society in the 21st century and later years. Until recently, computer engineering was a specifically mens careers where women could not even try to figure out pursuing them. In the year 1996, the total number of women computer engineers in Canada was represented by only 9% (Williams, 2006). 3. Impacts of gender stereotyping in politics and governance. Richard & Zoe (2003) points out that, over a longtime in history, political leadership has been dominated by men in different countries and states all over the world. It is believed that women are less capable of making correct decisions in the society as compared to their men counterparts. Gender stereotyping has consistently prevented women from being seriously considered in politics and high level offices. Great challenges lay in the way of entering and remaining in politics for the women from their men counterparts and the society in general. Traditionally, women were not allowed to vote or hold elective position in different countries. US had to greatly struggle for the women to be granted the power to vote for the political leaders in the mid nineteenth century. In the year 2004, women representation in Jamaican government was only 3% since their independence in 1953. From the electorates in the society to the structured policies in individual governments constitutions, women are less favored to compete for different elective posts (Williams, 2006). Uncritical promulgation of the female manifestos in Jamaica, Thailand, Venezuela, Germany and South America countries has assisted in portraying the male candidates as more suitable to their women counterparts. However, recent participation by women all over the world in important decisions making processes acts as a major indicator of how they can be involved in major decision making. They have therefore been limited in contributing important decisions that can assist in enhancing the globalization trends to make the world a better place to live in. Michelle Bachelet and Megawati Sukarnoputri acted as presidents for Chile and Indonesia for the years 2006 and 2004 respectively. Others include President Arroyo for Philippine, Tarja Halonen for Finland and Moscoso for the democratic republic republic of Panama. Therefore, women are not inferior in politics and can be able to rule and make equally good decisions in their respective countries (Williams, 2006). Others like Condoleeza Rice, the US secretary of state have been involved in international critical decisions like war in Iraq, African Affairs and nuclear weapons development diplomatic intervention decisions making. Their direct or indirect denial from participation in politics is therefore a clear indication of low levels in achieving democracy in various states in the world. Though, this view has widely changed, bulk of the masculine people especially in the developing countries must change their approach to enhance full potential reap from both genders (Theresa, 2005). 4. Gender Stereotyping in economic development. All over the world, women have been having great problems in development as compared to their male counterparts. It is considered that women are not supposed to inherit wealth from their matrimonial parents. This view as held by most eastern cultures and has tendered to keep women away from economic development. Access to finances for development has always been tied to the ability of an individual to provide enough security against it. In China, Japan and Brazil, it is believed that a woman after developing and attaining a given age, should get married. They are therefore denied the autonomy of making independent choices of their later economic lives. This denial therefore ensures that they remain dependent on their immediate marriage partners for all their activities. Though different regions and states like US and Britain have established ample legislative frameworks to prevent the exploitation women based on this myth, bulk of other countries still watch as women remain poor economically. As a result, their economic competitive ability is greatly compromised and overall economic situation derailed locally and internationally (Williams, 2006). As indicated earlier, women have have been having less chances to get educated in more competitive scientific subjects therefore, denying them the ability of accessing better jobs in the fast industrializing world. Until recently, Canadian women were regarded as housewives and only participated in minor poorly paying jobs like working in farms and in fabric industries. Though this fact was overlooked for a long time, the trend is fast changing to give them a more inclusive chance to contribute to the economic development of the country. According to Williams (2006), due to the high dominance of the men in different governments, legislations to discourage women participation only in minor home affairs have been developing very slowly and at times met with great resistance. As it was evident in Canada, women believed that they were supposed to be house wives and send their husbands to work and children to school. Besides, it was also believed that those Women who work are either widowed, unmarried or belong to far non Canadian community that have established investment in the country. The believe that all women should be house wives contradicts greatly the twenty first century economic trends where educated working women are highly respected and immensely contribute to the economic growth their countries. 5. Gender stereotyping in sports According to Schmalz & Kerstetter (2006), sports have become major activities in the world that are used to bring great wealth to countries and individuals. Gender stereotyping however, has demanded strong compliance where women are expected to participate only to individual aesthetic activities that are pleasing and simplistic like gymnastics, synchronized swimming and figure skating against their male counterparts who are occasionally trained to participate in strenuous, aggressive and very competitive sports in the world. This division encouraged and allowed the women to accept and adopt the unfounded physical limitation imposed to them by the society (Theresa, 2005). With the traditional views that women should remain attractive, groomed and nurturing, they are thus discouraged from participating in strong sports like lifting weights, grunting and being aggressive in the society. Due to this acceptance, young girls have been stigma conscious of gender in physical activities and sports. Many of the activities that are encouraged for the women have high participation from the men counterparts. Swimming, tennis, badminton, bicycle riding, and athletics have as equal number of men like women. Boxing, football, rallying, horse riding and skating have little participation from the women as they are perceived as men sports. However, these trends have greatly changed and more women are participating in football, boxing and car rallying all over the world. Several states globally have tried to change the trend and encouraged more participation in sports by women. During the 2008 Olympic sports in China, sports participation by women had increased tremendously from the previous world cap. Economic development that simultaneously realigns with these segregated sports are therefore denied for women making them to be even more dependent on men and reducing their ability to inspire other women in the society (Malszecki & Cavar, 2005). To add to that, talents are greatly lost from the various individuals that could have been developed to full appreciation through various sports. As a result of confining women to the beauty and light sports, international representation has been lost greatly for various countries. Besides, women are concentrated more in only few sports that cannot accommodate them thereby discouraging increased participation in sports by women (Schmalz & Kerstetter, 2006). 6. Gender stereotypes in modeling and relationship Over years, it has come to be stereotypically accepted that women as opposed to men should be thin in order to look more attractive. Physical appearance in women has been pasted as a major determinant factor in their overall success. Current media depiction of slim and less stout women to be more successful in life has made many young women to strive being like them in order to be equally successful. Major advertisements and beauty competitions are dominated by such slim ladies pasting the wrong attitude for their lives. Those ladies unable to remain slim are generally traumatized and looked down upon and by their counterparts in the society. From the 1950s to 2005, woman’s body in Miss America contests as well as the Playboy Centerfolds have portrayed women thinness a major prerequisite for their consideration to participate and win. Other models all over the world copying from the west, have adopted the trend that is posted to all the media with great magnitude that even the very young girls only wish to remain slim and thus look attractive. Overestimation and failure to question critically the relationship of the preferred slimness in comparison to the immediate health consequences has been missing in this myth (Williams, 2006). It have been categorized as harmful to refuse eating food in order to slim because of immediate susceptibility to diseases by the body. Everybody should feed adequately to enhance enough body immunity that increases it’s overall ability to fight against germs invasion. Adoption of slimming options by the female ladies has been ill advised and happens with little assistance from the medical assistants thereby putting them into greater risks. Extremely slim ladies have been considered more susceptible to periodic diseases invasion which may end up costing them more in treating the same ailments. Continued slimming for long periods of time have been associated with reduced life expectancy for the specific individual due to lack of enough body supportive nutrients (Margaret, 2003). Modern relationships have been displayed and greatly exaggerated by the media where slimmer and lighter skin colored women are portrayed to be much more attractive and sexy in comparison to others in the society. As a major item in the western world and fast spreading due to other regions, all the young and old ladies want to look good when they are with their peers as well as when they are in relationships. They therefore struggle to attain and retain the prescribed model like figures and maintain them through out to make them fit in the social groupings that develop in the society (Malszecki & Cavar, 2005). Besides, there is even higher risk to their health in the case where they use chemicals to assist them assume the slim preferred figures. These chemicals enhance immediate alterations of the hormones in the body thereby achieving the required change. However, over 65% of all the chemicals used for slimming have major side effects like cancer and bio-accumulative poisoning. On the other hand, cosmetics are also increasingly being used to enhance the immediate change in the face appearance. Mercury and silver based skin lightening cosmetics demanded has risen with over 75% in the last 10 years. Though standards have been emphasized greatly to ensure reduced side effects, cases have been reported of massive chemical burns and even death after using various chemicals (Malszecki & Cavar, 2005). Great care should therefore be instigated for use and natural beauty appreciated for all the people. 7. Addressing gender stereotype in the society. As indicated earlier, gender stereotype in the society involves attitudes by the people which are regarded by majority or all of them. Addressing them therefore, requires a combined effort approach where various entities will be required to positively confront the issue for holistic success to be achieved. 8. Use of policy and legislative framework To begin with, inclusive research should be instituted to enhance understanding of the problem from all the dimensions and identification of the immediate key players for the existence of the fallacy. European Institute for Gender Equality has helped greatly in establishing the major gender imbalance based issues that promote stereotyping in the society. It’s immediate and long term effects should also be established to categorize the urgency (Richard & Zoe,2003). Then policies and legislative framework should be developed to encourage more equity and representation in the society. These policies should therefore ensure increased awareness creation and training to the teachers in different schools and their students on the need to reduce gender stereotypic approaches in the society (Theresa, 2005). Besides, it should also be extended to the parents who play major roles in the early child development. Incentives should be established to increase participation by both genders. European Union after realizing the great impact that gender stereotyping was having in the society, it established a common policy to be used by all the European Union countries in removing the deeply entrenched disparities (Margaret, 2003). Accessibility of jobs previously prescribed as only for men was opened up for women in the member countries. Besides, the member states agreed to develop individual objectives to be localized from the agreed agenda by reflecting the immediate country’s problems. 9. Using media to enhance change of attitude Malszecki & Cavar (2005) argues that, media should act as the key tool in promoting positive attitudes towards different genders while denouncing the stereotypic ones. As indicated earlier, media has played the greatest role in spreading stereotypes in the society due to it’s great availability and massive persuasive and convincing power especially to the young people. Facts should be used in advertisements and extremism avoided in the whole process. Many people do not understand the negative outcomes of the gender stereotypes and therefore, both sides of the story should be told for informed decision from the different people in the society to be made. Though the freedom of the media is of great necessity at all times to enhance increased ability of the people to express themselves, it can be regulated to make it more responsible since it is the major contributor to the existence of the current high levels of gender stereotypes in the society (Williams, 2006). 10. Local and international cooperation To add to that, cooperation at all levels in the field of community development and youth affairs should be initiated in the line of jobs and employments opportunities in different states. As discussed earlier, majority of the disparities arise as a result of poor availability of employment opportunities that instigates sharp divisions guided by various mythologies relating to gender stereotypes. Increased industrialization and opening up of more chances related to different areas of specialization in working places should be enhanced (Richard & Zoe,2003). This specialization therefore, would act as an opener to new opportunities in all careers. Introduction of unemployment benefits for the unemployed people of different genders would help reducing major held perceptions that are based on dependence of women to men through submissiveness. It would also increase their ability to invest and improve their independence (Williams, 2006). 11. Improving democracy in the society. Democracy as described in the classical theories of change in the society, acts as a major platform for total participation in all developments in the society. Increasing democratic space for all the people in various decision making posts can reduce totally the perception that only men can hold such administrative posts in the management. As indicated in majority of the democratic world, all the people should have equal opportunity to contribute and sell their political agendas for increased efficiency and higher level management of their states. After Germany elected Engel Merkel as the chancellor in the country, great changes have taken place and people are admiring her mode of operations both locally and internationally. At all levels of management, representation should be enhanced and made equal for both genders (Margaret, 2003). In regions where low levels of democracy still persist, policies should be established to reserve posts for both genders in the management structures. Acting as a major example in the present world, similar cases are being developed in the developed and developing world to enhance major economic growth (Richard & Zoe,2003). 12. Promoting gender equality in sports and careers As a major abstractor in the sports field, both genders should be encouraged to participate in all the sports available for improved talents harnessing in the society. Negativism in one gender participation and scaring off should be discouraged at all times to allow improved development for both genders (Theresa, 2005). Careers development should be improved for better participation in the economic developments by both genders. Gender balance creates self esteem that aids in reducing the major disparities that go together with discrimination. From the local and international arena, successful people in different careers and sports should be used as the major role models because of the facts attached to them (Schmalz & Kerstetter, 2006). Conclusion. Gender stereotypes have been adopted by majority of the people as part of their culture and are therefore used in defining their ways of living in the society. However, they are wrong and should be discouraged as they are highly generalized, give wrong perceptions, discourage total potential discovery from the people and hinder full potential exploitation in the society. As it has happened in education and sports, various achievement of the major goals and objectives that assist people in assuming better earning jobs and thus improved lifestyles are highly limited and defined on the gender stereotyping attitudes possessed by the society. Change to the gender stereotypes perception will form the basis of equality for both genders in all areas of development thereby portraying the greater sense of social civilization (Williams, 2006). Due to the high level of illusionary correlation in gender stereotypes, information on emphasis of slim models and discouragement of participation in sports by the females are highly deceitful to the people. They therefore portray wrong perception that are sooner adopted as part of life by the people in that region. Besides, being in the era of globalization development should be based on the major premises that are substantiated and not illusionary. It should be fully discouraged and all the perceptions conclusively removed with immediate programs as it is a major abyss for talents, innovations and developments. Recommendations 1. Improve and increase cooperation from the of the major organs dealing with gender stereotypes in the society through awareness creation. 2. Promote economic independence of all the people in the society by opening up areas of employment and working (Richard & Zoe,2003). 3. Increase funds for gender based programs that will enhance increased participation from both males and females in the society. 4. Promote responsible media programs in the society that will enhance change of attitude for the better by the youths in the society. 5. Enhance improved research, implementation and monitoring into the established initiatives for effectiveness and conclusiveness of the goals set Reference list Malszecki, G. & Cavar, T. (2005). Men, masculinities, war, and sport. In Race, Class, and Sexuality. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall. Margaret, W. M. (2003). The Psychology of Women. Washington: Sage. Richard, F. & Zoe, O. (2003) â€Å" Gender stereo typing Stereotyping in State Executive Elections†, Journal of politics, (3)65, 25-49. Schmalz, D. & Kerstetter, D. (2006). Girlie girls and manly men: Children’s stigma consciousness of gender in sports and physical activities. Journal of Leisure Research, (4)38, 536-557 Theresa, M. (2005). Gender Myths V. Working Realities. New York: NYU Press. Williams, K. 2006. Globalization: Gender stereo typing in the 21st century and its impacts in

Discussion Topic about Personal Insurance

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Piracy in Somali - Is it Politically or Economically Motivated Essay

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Buddhism as a Critique of Culture - Essay Example This is the aim, even with regard to 'normal' people in the world, since they tend get confused, and develop problems due to wrong identification of the patterns of life or 'samsara' (Watts 16) shrouded in 'maya' which is explained as being more than illusory; 'maya' encompasses the entire range of concepts from culture, one's cultural identity, to the way one perceives the world (Watts 9). An individual is an inseparable organism of the universe, and simultaneously unique, since all organisms are not uniform and differ in their identities accorded as per the societal constructs such as sex, class, and others. Conflicts arise because the rules of the universe and cosmos may not always be in consonance with that of the societal conventions, and the individual struggles to integrate between these two inherently differing components of reality and social constructs or maya (Watts 9). In these eastern thoughts, 'nirvana' or liberation (Watts 16) is the solution to the problems arising from afore mentioned conflict. The aim of nirvana is not to destroy maya, but rather, to see through maya; and to do this one must come out of the social constructs and see reality (Watts 9).

Information Technology 1-4D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information Technology 1-4D - Essay Example This paper will serve to address four separate questions in regards to technology and modern society, with a careful look into how the use of technology is reflected in our day to day lives. Keywords: technology, day to day lives, Web 2.0, Mark Kennedy, data mining, data collection, decision making process, change, change management, organizational skills, management Information Systems D1-4 1. Mark Kennedy said, â€Å"All of the biggest technological inventions created by man – the airplane, the automobile, the computer – say a little about his intelligence, but speak volumes about his laziness.† What do you think of this quote? Do you agree? Why? Mark Kennedy stated that â€Å"all of the biggest technological inventions created by man – the airplane, the automobile, the computer – say a little about his intelligence, but speak volumes about his laziness† and I could not agree more. While the technologies themselves have been innovative and work to show the different ways that humans are able to take a look at what is available and adapt it to a different use, it is only the generations who are already aware of the original way of doing things that are benefiting from the technology itself. The generations that grow up with the technology already set firmly in place are made lazy and, to a degree, stupid by that same technology (Shaw, 2010). Society has become more and more dependent on technology, to a degree that many members often lack the willingness to think before acting, and as a result of current technologies have become impatient in regards to how quickly information is available (Patil, 2013). While technologies offer many different benefits, and technology is the mother of invention, the current technologies have far more drawbacks than they do rewards. Patil, P. (2013). Technological advancements and its impact on humanity. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/346486/Technological_Advancements_and_Its_Imp act_on_Humanity Shaw, S. (2010, September 16). dependence comes with technology. Retrieved from http://www.unlvrebelyell.com/2010/09/16/dependence-comes-with-technology/ 2. Textbooks define Web 2.0 as â€Å"the 2nd generation of the Web, which focuses on online collaboration, users as both creators and modifiers of content, dynamic and customized information feeds, and many other engaging web-based services.† How can these Web 2.0 tools help businesses to gain a competitive advantage? There are a large variety of different products and services associated with Web 2.0 that assist businesses in gaining a competitive advantage. If these technologies, including but not limited to, blogs, wikis, podcasts, mashups, social networks, and RSS filters, are properly deployed, they may allow companies to increase their productivity and competitive advantage in a cost effective manner (Andriole, 2010). IBM performed a study in 2005 which looked into how much Web 2.0 could truly affect co mpetitive advantage, and it showed that a sustainable competitive advantage resulted from continual innovation, increased productivity and transformation and employee learning as a result of the positive application of Web 2.0 tools (Graham & Jones, 2011). Andriole, S. J. (2010). Business Impact of Web 2.0 Technologies. Communications Of The ACM, 53(12), 67-79. doi:10.1145/1859204.1859225 Graham, M. & Jones, N. (2011). IMPROVING BUSINESS PERFORMANCE WITH WEB 2.0 TECHNOLOGIES. Journal Of Business Excellence, 2(1), 12-17. 3. As we live our everyday lives, data is collected from us, sometimes without our consent and often without our knowledge. A personal profile could be compiled from disparate sources. What’s your opinion about the secondary use of personal data for data profiling? It is my opinion that while there are other, secondary uses of personal data for data profiling that may be beneficial, such as the use of data by local and national governments to increase transpar ency in the governmental process and democratize the exchange of

The assignment it is a cross culture communication subject and it a Case Study

The assignment it is a cross culture communication subject and it a - Case Study Example es great challenges in business and, therefore, increase management costs (Lifang 2).The paper provides means/strategies that can help to solve some problems that have been facing Mr. Salih in XYZ multinational corporation. The strategies need approval of the corporate’s top management. In addition, the strategies were designed by the corporate head of human resource. Globally, multi-national corporations are facing personal conflicts, business industry conflicts, and more clashes that results from differences in attitudes, sources of information, and, as well as differences in personality, perception ,values and ideology. However, although conflict can be a psychological and behavioral form of confrontation. These conflicts will have an effect on the quality of work environment, development of the corporation, management efficiency as well as survival of the organization if it is not handled properly. For instance, the empirical importance of Western style of thinking and the Asian interpretation mode of thinking in the corporate’s cross-cultural communication can always constitute result of conflict, therefore, business managers need to attach significant attention and importance to it. However, the national culture formation can also bring about a variety of solutions and also patterns of behaviors to challenges; thus, cross-cultural related conflicts have happened mostly. Behavior pattern is clearly explicit in the style of national culture that is a fixed structure and recognized by people in a similar group through direct communication. Diverse cultures result to a variety of behavior patterns. Similarly, different behavior patterns might show a big conflict. However, cross-cultural situation exerts a lot of impact on the management of the corporate in different means. They always play a function without being easily noticed. The moment people realize the form of influence they have, the outcomes have been formed already. Most corporates in the

Introduction to the Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to the Law of Evidence - Essay Example However, in case the police arrive at a crime scene and there is no suspect within the site, then the police officers have to conduct a thorough investigation of the crime scene and look for any possible links that could lead to the identification of the real suspect. In most occasions, the police dust for fingerprints at the crime scene in order to discover who was at the scene of crime and perhaps try to identify the key suspect(s). Additionally, in the recent past, police officers have been dusting the crime scene for ear prints even thou there has been heated debate on the reliability or accuracy of ear prints as evidence to a similar extent as fingerprints. In this regard, the National Training Center for Scientific Support for Crime Investigation in the United Kingdom has been a compiling a database for ear prints in order to prove that ear prints are not similar and hence, they can be equally used as evidence (Dennis, 2013). This present essay aims at providing answers to prob lem questions that are based on a case study that revolves around the law of evidence. 1. Whether the prosecution can rely upon ear prints and fingerprints as evidence To begin with, Smith and Gordon (1997) described evidence as a piece of information that aims at proving or refuting facts that have been presented. In law, evidence provides a basis for understanding what happened at a particular time. In the writings by Dennis (2013), he wrote that law of evidence is â€Å"the body of rules that determine whether and even how a piece of evidence can be used as a means of proving a fact.† Moreover, the law of evidence regulates what can be legally admissible in the court of law for the purpose of proving or refuting facts that have been presented in a given case and even, on occasion, how the court should consider the evidence that has been presented. In normal police investigations, police officers always try to discover who was at the crime scene, before, during, and after a crime has occurred, which could range from murder, burglary, or even rape. In order to identify the presence of somebody in a particular crime scene police officers look for Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sample. Calladine et al. (2003) described DNA as â€Å"a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions that are used in the functioning and development of all living organisms. Police investigations rely on DNA samples, which can be obtained from blood samples, hair, fingerprints and even ear prints, because they are purely identical or interlined to one single person. Berry and Watson (2003) clarified on this point by stating that it is only DNA samples of identical twins that may match to a greater extent but ordinarily DNA are restricted to one particular person. Based on this knowledge, prosecutors greatly rely on DNA samples to prove the presence of a particular person at a crime scene and hence, relate him or her with the crime committed. In the present case study, police off icers carrying out investigations into the death of Jeremy Spring dusted the deceased apartments for fingerprints and ear prints in order to identify the likely suspect, who murdered Jeremy Spring. Henry Wynther’s fingerprint and ear print sample were found within the apartment but the fingerprint sample had only six matching ridge characteristics while the ear print only showed gross features. With reference to the writings by Ramsland (2013), it can be stated that the prosecution

Film Evaluation Reports Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Film Evaluation Reports - Movie Review Example While there is a tendency to see such films as lesser forms of film, they can and should be appreciated for the way in which they show how cultures can take a lighter view of themselves and of their mythologies. Films that use silliness as a basis for their entertainment are often making light of aspects of society in order to shed a light on how serious human beings sometimes take themselves. Woochi (2009) is first set 500 years in the past, a story of mythologies and human politics creating a set up for the events that will take place in the present. The film begins with a story of goblins who steal an item called the Pipe of the Prophecy, the piece having powers that should not get into the wrong hands. The flute is used by the one god to keep the others, each representing the lunar calendar year. Three demi-gods are trying involved in trying to keep the flute from the goblins, or demons, but when they fail, they ask the help of the Taoist Wizards who are able to retrieved the flu te. However, the Master wizard’s apprentice, who is a bit self important and has a huge pride problem, is accused of a murder and he takes the flute and sets himself into a painted manuscript to hide. When it is discovered that both he and the flute are in the manuscript, one of the wizards, Hwadom, goes into the manuscript, only to realize that once he is near the flute, he himself is one of the demons. This is a secret to those demons who take human form. They forget that they are demons until they are near the flute. Through a series of coincidences, the flute is torn into three pieces, thus preventing Hwadom from getting the flute and putting it back together. In modern day Seoul, the goblins start once again causing mischief and the three demigods decide to set Woochi free in order to stop the problem. The goblins, disguised as humans, are outside of any current means to stop them, so setting Woochi, who has some of the same knowledge of the Taoist wizards from 500 years previous, seems the best way to handle the problem. They convince Woochi to help them, and all of them being in modern day Korea leads to a great deal of humor based upon the conflict of how people of another time would deal with modern day life. 2.) What does the film reveal about the personality and interests of the filmmaker? What does the film reveal about the attitude of the filmmaker toward his subject? Explain fully. The film engages myth in order to set up its conflicts and to find ways in which to express human hopes and fears through personifications. The nature of the lunar calendar creatures is to personify specific aspects of the dark side of humanity, thus discussing the human existence through this type of literary study. In creating supernatural elements, the real world is reflected in such a way as to create a sectional discussion of different emotional parts of being human. Mythology often isolates aspects of human existence so that those elements can be explored through a less complex examination. This is often the case with humor as well. Humor allows for a piece of literature to more closely examine a part of human life by isolating a part of it and looking at it from various, unusual perspectives. In this film, the concepts of drinking, bumbling, and sexuality are looked at from the perspective of outsiders looking in, as the time variance creates an ‘alien’ atmosphere for the main characters. Using aspects of

Influences on F. Scott Fitzgeralds writing in The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

Influences on F. Scott Fitzgeralds writing in The Great Gatsby Essay The Roaring Twenties was a period of frivolous days and exciting nights. Times were prosperous and life was good for most. In The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, F. Scott Fitzgerald writes about the fictitious life of Jay Gatsby, a self-made millionaire (Gross 1). The setting of the novel is New York in the twenties, a time, and place, where people were jovial and carefree. In New York, more than anywhere, people did not worry about lifes downs, but focused on the highlife and partying. Prohibition made partying difficult, but it prevailed nonetheless. In the novel, Fitzgeralds description of humans was of an appalling nature. He shows them as careless, greedy, and inconsiderate; much like they truly were in this decade. Inevitably he would become involved in some type of lackadaisical ways. Fitzgeralds writings were significantly influenced by these surroundings. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgeralds writing was profoundly influenced by events in his life, the exciting times he lived in, and the people he knew. Born on September 24, 1986 to a wealthy merchant family, Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald showed signs of an exemplary writing ability (Dyson, 1380). As a small boy, Fitzgerald began writing down his thoughts and ideas. He frequently wrote about his life. While in school, Fitzgerald was very self-criticizing and did not have many friends. He was not very popular at school, although he greatly wanted to be. Just like Fitzgerald, Gatsby did not like who he was, so he decided to change himself. In the novel, Gatsby has a list of things he wants to change about himself. He called them his General Resolves and they were: No wasting time at Shafters, no more smoking or chewing, bath every other day, read one improving book or magazine per week, save $3.00 per week, and be better to his parents (Fitzgerald 182). As Fitzgerald grew, so did his attitude towards life. He kept writing. Fitzgerald attended Princeton, but quit shortly after he began (Young Adult Authors 58). Fitzgerald, like Gatsby, wanted to live and adventure. Soon after the war started, Fitzgerald signed up hoping to have the adventure of his life. He only got as far as the coastline. Fitzgerald, unlike Gatsby was not sent to the war, so he married Zelda Sayre (Hickey 345). In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby lost his love  because he had to fight in the war. Fitzgerald was writing in comparison to his own life, or what might have been if he had been sent off to fight in the war. Since Fitzgerald was not sent to war, and he had to make a living somehow, he began writing for small papers. He and Zelda settled down and had children. His life was now beginning to feel right. In 1922, Fitzgerald came upon the idea for The Great Gatsby. Shortly after his arrival in France, Fitzgerald completed the most brilliant novel he would ever write. Richard Lehan said, Fitzgerald was in position to write a master work like The Great Gatsby everything in his life had been building toward this moment (Lehan 2). Fitzgeralds life, like Gatsbys, had become a series of exciting parties and rich lifestyles. Barry Gross described Fitzgeralds life like this: Fitzgerald was conscious about his social position because his parents had a hard time coming up with money for support. He was always trying to impress people by his estate. His parents were not that wealthy either, so he took his own route to achieve happiness. (Gross 18) In the 1920s, the paparazzi were aware of his eccentric lifestyle. Gatsbys life was just as daring and glamorous as his. Fitzgerald did some illegal activities such as drinking, and forging bonds. Gatsby was also involved in bond forgery and prohibition rebellions. For Fitzgerald, life was better than it had ever been, but to his great dismay it would not last. The key reality in his life was that between his twenty-eighth and thirty-fourth year, he wasnt able to write a new novel. Fitzgerald began drinking and stopped writing. His wife Zelda began having serious mental problems, which dramatically affected Fitzgerald. He very much loved his wife, just as Gatsby loved Daisy. Fitzgerald was a dreamer. He though everything would turn out fine, just as Gatsby had, but he was wrong and had to recompense for it in the end. The roaring twenties was a time of parties, and socializing. Times were prosperous and people just wanted to enjoy themselves. Since the war was over, soldiers were back at home, working and taking care of their families. There was a sense of rebellion in America at this time. The rich were lazy  and slapdash, which, in The Great Gatsby, was portrayed by their very shoddy driving abilities. Times were excellent, for most, and people were beginning to just have a good time. Many people were so rich they had no need to work, so they had to occupy themselves with other things. Prohibition began in 1919 (Moss, Wilson 148). People did not like the idea though, so they started revolting the law. Gangsters would get liquor and other kinds of alcohol to people who wanted it, but for a price. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby is involved in these illegal activities. Gatsby always had alcohol at his parties. His wealth gave him things that normal people couldnt have. He invited hundreds of guests to his parties, and most of them got extremely intoxicated before the night was over. The female crowds at Gatsbys parties show how women really dressed and acted in the twenties. Bobbed hair, short dresses, bright red lipstick, and long strands of pearls with a knot tied in them were female fads of the elite citizens. Jordan Baker personified women of the 1920s with her independent and proud attitude towards life (Moss, Wilson 147). Independence was a major influence in the twenties, not just for women, but for men also. The American dream had three key parts. The first was that America was a new Eden with endless opportunity. The second idea was that everyone born in America should expect life to get better and better. The last, and most important, was to be an independent, self-reliant individual and you would triumph over all. In the conclusion of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald connects Gatsbys dream, his platonic conception of himself with the American Dream (Mizener 2). Gatsby believed that everything would work out fine, and that he would get Daisy soon enough. Gatsbys dreams were never realized though. He never ran off with Daisy, and he was killed by mistaken identity. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald shows how the American dream faded out during the later part of the decade. The valley of ashes,= where Myrtle lived played an important role in explaining this to the readers. Dr. J. T. Eckleburgs eyes faded away as the novel went on, symbolizing the debasement of the American Dream. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald makes several allusions to how he came up with the characters. Fitzgerald shows, in many ways, how he modeled Gatsby after his own life and the things that happened to him. Gatsby and Fitzgerald both wanted to be something different. Fitzgerald had a hard time  making friends while he was a child. When he began writing and getting recognition, his life changed. He was a partier, and had a wild lifestyle. Gatsby, like Fitzgerald, wanted to be someone different. He changed his name from James Gatz to Jay Gatsby. As Gatsby was a bootlegger and bond forger, so was Fitzgerald, though he was not as into it as Gatsby might have been. Fitzgeralds wife Zelda and Gatsbys love Daisy share many qualities also. Fitzgerald portrays Daisy as white in the novel, suggesting that is a faà §ade for who she truly is. The white she wears gives her a naà ¯ve and innocent appearance, but her impolite actions seem to prove otherwise. Fitzgerald described Daisy as the girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark corners and blinding signs (Moss, Wilson 150). The cover artwork of the novel shows an illustration of this idea. The floating relates that Gatsby always had Daisy floating in his mind, as well as Fitzgerald had Zelda floating in his. Both Zelda and Daisy were beautiful and demanded great things from their suitors. Another person that relates to one of Fitzgeralds characters was a man named Arnold Rothstein. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby told Nick that Meyer Wolfshiem, a man Gatsby introduced to him, was the one who set up the World Series in 1919. Rothstein was said to have fixed the 1919 World Series. Arnold Rothstein placed bets to lose the series, and since they were playing against Cincinnati, they were going to win (Moss, Wilson 149). Jordan Baker, a tennis player that Nick fell in love with, relates to the whole of women in the twenties. She was loud, pushy, flashy, and had very short hair. In the 1920s, women discarded their old ways of life. They were no longer proper and silent. Women in the twenties were showy and loud. They wore short skirts and short hair. They smoked cigarettes in public and spit on the ground. Jordan Baker was the independent women of the 1920s personified. The Great Gatsby is tragedy of wealth, love, and frivolous pleasures. F. Scott Fitzgerald expressed most of what actually happened in the 1920s in this one novel. The illegal bootlegging, changing women, and happy times of the twenties are all described. Because Fitzgerald was alive in the twenties, he was able to live what he wrote about. He had personal experience with bootlegging and ostentatious women. Fitzgeralds life events also helped him write The Great Gatsby. His wanting to be different helped  him come up with the character Gatsby. Zelda, his wife, helped him come up with Daisy Buchanan, and people around him helped him shape other characters. In The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgeralds writing was profoundly influenced by dealings in his life, the exciting decade, and people he was around.

Work Group Performance And Satisfaction At Utp Management Essay

Work Group Performance And Satisfaction At Utp Management Essay For the purposes of completing on my report about work group, performance and satisfaction, I was selecting my workplace as a organization requirement to evaluate. My workplace is UTP. Base on references from www.utp.edu.my, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) was established on January 10, 1997. UTP offers a wide range of engineering and technology programmes at undergraduate and postgraduate levels complemented with a strong focus on Research and Development. Due to assess of performance and satisfaction of a work group, I was selecting one of the UTPs department which is IT Multimedia Services Dept. or ITMS. Under ITMS dept, it has sub division called Information Technology and Facilities Operation, named as ITFO. Furthermore, ITFO has 3 work groups which consist of Inventory Management, Deployment Production and IT Helpdesk Training. These groups are classified as Formal Groups and characterized as Task Groups. All the said groups have interdependence from each other as illustrated in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1: ITFO Work Group: source: UTP ITMS Dept. 1.1 Explanation of work group, performance and satisfaction Based on reference from Wikipedia.com, the definition of work group is a group of people working together toward a common goal, also known as a  working group. Another definition of work group is a group which consists of two or more individual that interacts primarily to share information and to make decision to help each member perform within his or her area of responsibility. Work group have no need or opportunity to engage in collective work that requires joint effort. So their performance is merely the summation of each group members individual contribution. There is no positive synergy that would create an overall level of performance that is greater than sum of the input. (Robbins, 2004) With regard to Group Behaviour Model which I will elaborate later in this report, can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organisation. Effective groups are groups that have creative ideas, accomplish their tasks and can adapt to any changes. Group members will be more involved with the group and goals of the organisation. As a manager, he or she need to see and assess the strategies required to develop effective groups in an organisation. Elements that need extra attention are those involving people, organisation and the assigned task/s. A high degree of understanding between the group leader and his/her members also has a positive effect on the performance and satisfaction of group members. 2.0 Five Components of GBM being practices from selected company Figure 2.1: Group Behaviour Model. Source: Robbins, S.P.(2003) Group Behavior Model or GBM as illustrated on figure 2.1 are the main components which are influencing to the performance and satisfaction levels of groups. I will explain each components of GBM where the company being practices. 2.1 An external condition is imposed on group Every work groups is influence by external conditions imposed by outside it. This external conditions include organizations overall strategy, the structure of authority, formal regulations, resources, employees selection process, performance appraisal and reward system, culture and workplace condition. Organizational Strategy, typically, overall strategy of the  organization  is usually determined  by top management. They  have  developed  the organizational goals  and how to achieve  these  goals.  For example,  they  can  direct the  organization  to reduce costs, improve  quality, etc. These  strategies  can  affect the  power of  the various  working groups, particularly in  determining  the resources  needed  to  carry out from them.  For example, termination of contract to IT maintenance vendor and UTPs employees need to take over. This action  will affect the  work group  which will  increase  their  anxiety  and further potential to  improve  the  internal  conflict. The organization has the authority structures that define who reports to whom, who make decisions, and the types of decisions can be made by individuals or groups. This structure determines where a working group placed in a hierarchical organization, the formal leader of a group, and as well as formal relationships between the groups. Organization established rules, procedures, policies, job descriptions and other forms formal regulations to standardize the behavior of workers. The more rules formally applied to all workers, the more consistent and predictable behavior from them. Meanwhile, organizations resource such as money, time, materials, and other equipment have a major impact on group behavior. Some organizations have a lot of resources on which the employee obtained modern tools and equipment, sufficient and high quality. Organization with limited resources will affected of group activities. For employee selection process, A member of a work group is also a member of the organisation because the group is a part of the organisation. Accordingly, the criteria employed by the organisation for employee selection purposes will also be used to decide who becomes part of a group. Another variable that can affect all employees is the performance appraisal and reward system. The company provided specific, challenging and achievable goals. Reward will be given to both individual and groups for their achievement. Since groups are part of a bigger organisation, the behaviour of group members are also influenced by the manner in which organizations appraise a certain task that has been achieved and the kind of behavior that is rewarded. Each organization has their own culture in which it has defined standard behavior is acceptable and not acceptable to the employee. After a few months joining the organization, most employees will begin to understand the cultural practice in the organization. Group members are also part of the organization must follow dominant cultural practices of the organization although they have their own subculture. Subculture refers to a culture that received only adopted by certain groups within the organization. Finally, work group behaviour is also influenced by the workplace condition where condition of the workplace as provided by the organisation. Physical layout of employees work space, the location of equipment, etc are provided with amicable work environment. All these can simultaneously be obstructions and opportunities for the interaction of work groups. 2.2 Resources for Group Members Figure 2.2: General resources available to group members The potential level of achievement of the group is dependent on the resources carried by each member of the group. In this section, we will look at two sources generally highly significant, the ability of self and personality characteristics. Personal Capability means the knowledge, skills and abilities that exist in an individual. A large part of the groups performance can be predicted by assessing the knowledge and skills that exist in each of its members. It is true, even though a group of players who are moderate, but because the best coach, team spirit is high, they can finally beat a group of players much better. But this does not always happen. Evidence shows that there is a positive correlation between good interpersonal skills and group achievement. This refers to the management and resolution of conflict, cooperation in problem solving and communication skills. According to the ITFO group members, the manager has been selecting each member following their skill and capability. Many  studies  about personality traits have shows that  there is  a  clear  relationship between the characteristics personality  and attitude  and  behavior of  the group.  The properties  have a  positive relationship  with our culture  also  showed  a positive relationship  with productivity, morale and  closeness  or  solidarity  groups.  These features  also  include features  such as  easily hang out,  take initiative,  openness, and  flexibility.  On the other hand,  negative features  such as  authoritarianism, dominant, and  not  according to  custom (unconventionality)  showed  a negative relationship  with productivity, morale  and the closeness of  the group.  These  personality traits  affect  the performance of the  group  by the way  people interact  with  other  members of  the  group. 2.3 Group Structure The working group has a structure that could form the behavior of group members. It also enables the majority of individual behavior and group performance groups described and predicted. The structure of the group include formal leadership, roles, norms, group status, group size, composition and the degree of closeness of the group. (Please refer Appendix for the main Group Structure and function of ITMS dept.) (a) Formal Leadership Nearly all work groups have a formal leader. ITMS dept has managers, supervisors, project leader and head of a particular committee such as ITFO. Leaders play an important role in the success of a group. (b) Roles Each member of a work group has his/her own role to play with a set of expected behavior patterns accompanying his/her position and responsibilities within the group. It found that, each person of ITFO have more than one role to play at any given time within his/her different groups. Beside of ITFO task, the members from level 2 and 1 (figure 1.1) have their main job such as computer lab administration. (c) Norms All groups have established norms. These norms, which strongly influence work behavior was defined as acceptable standards of behavior. An effective work group will establish norms on quality, punctuality, absenteeism, safety, honesty in giving ideas and others. (d) Group Status Status is a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others. Awarding of status can influence the behavior of groups. ITFO practicing the title hold of the workgroups leaders are depending of staff grade such as grade ST3 in level 2 and ST2 and ST1 at level 1 (figure 1.1). (e) Group Size Smaller groups are more productive than larger ones. On the other hand, larger groups deal better with problem solving since more ideas are put forth. ITFO is a small group that consists of 3 to 6 members of each workgroups. (f) Group Composition Most group of ITMS and ITFO have their skill and knowledge. When the group consists of various personalities gender, age, education level and experiences, the greater the chances are for that group to accomplish its task successfully. Heterogeneous groups are more effective compared with homogeneous ones because they possess more abilities, skills, and information as a result of having members from a variety of backgrounds. However, it is also worth noting that both heterogeneous and homogeneous groups have their own strengths and weaknesses. (g) Cohesiveness ITFO workgroups are differ in their level of cohesiveness, which is the degree of members being attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. For instance, some work groups are cohesive because the members have spent a great deal of time together, the groups small size facilitates high interaction or the group has experienced external threats, which has resulted in its members becoming very close. Cohesiveness is important since it has proven to be positive towards the productivity of a group. 2.4 Group Processes Figure 2.3: General resources available to group members When the working group in which each member contributions are not clear, there is a tendency for individuals to reduce effort. In other words, social loafing describes the loss of certain processes as a result the group. However, the processes also can produce results positive such as the group could produce output exceeds input used. Heterogeneous group are potential to generate various creative alternatives. Figure 2.3 and 2.4 illustrated the resource of group members and effects of group process. Figure 2.4: Effects of group processes. Source: Adapted from Robbins (2003). 2.5 Group Task Tasks can be classified as either simple or complex. A standard task or routine is usually simple. A complex task is usually unusual as not in the norm and is seldom carried out. With simple or routine, group members simply need to follow the standard procedure in performing the task without the need to discuss the alternatives. Similarly, group members need to interact more often if the degree of task dependency is high. Group performance relies on effective communication and minimum level of conflict among members. 3.0 Evaluation of the 5 components of GBM in UTP organization All evaluation findings are based on personal interview and observation from the members of the ITFO work group (figure 1.1). The evaluations resulted were obtained without difficulties because selected company is my workplace and I am one of the members of ITFO work group. These are the evaluations findings based on the GBM model: 3.1 An external condition is imposed on group. a) Organizational Strategy Overall strategy of the  organization  is usually  determined by top management. They  have  developed  the organizational goals  and  how  to achieve  these goals.  For example,  UTP has reduced costs of operation instead of hired outsource to organized convocation ceremony by build a certain group to handle it. ITFO group is formed to support such event directly. b) Authority structures Is defined who reports to whom, who make decisions, and the types of decisions are clearly stated to groups members. This structure was cleared to ITFO to follow hierarchical organization (figure 1.1), the formal leader of a group, and as well as formal relationships between the groups. UTP has established standard rules, procedures, policies, job descriptions and other forms. c) Formal Regulations UTP has employee regulation and personal conduct which is cleared to all employees. Its help to the company to determine group behaviour. d) Organizations Resource It found that, money is the major concern need to pay attention. such as when group request budget which is required from the task like purchase high end computer to accelerate particular job, it always take longer time to approve. Thus, activities of the group will effect. e) Employee Selection Process ITFO has selected member to enter the group is within UTPs staff and recommended by ITMS managers. f) Performance Appraisal and Reward System. The UTP management provides specific, challenging and achievable goals such as, become Research University in 2013 and also practiced cleared mention about Performance Appraisal and Reward System. Behavior of group members is influence by the manner in which organizations appraise a certain task that has been achieved and the kind of behavior that is rewarded. g) Culture. The ITFO followed the UTP standard culture which has no obstacle to be effective work group. All members are Muslim and also most of UTP Top management. Thus, culture is same among them. h) Workplace Condition UTP has provided better and amicable employees work environment. The opportunity for the interaction for the all work groups is excellence. 3.2 Resources for Group Members a) Personal Capability- According to the ITFO group members, the manager has been selecting each member following their skill and capability. For example, group of IT Helpdesk and Training (figure 1.1) is consist of capable members who are able to develop System Helpdesk and maintain. They have strong programming language. b) Personality Traits ITFO manager and supervisor which are support level and level 3 (figure 1.1) has determined each members from level 2 and 1 are based on personality trait. For example of some members which have lack of communication skill are not really suitable in Deployment and Production which is required good communication skill to interact outside from the groups. 3.3 Group Structure (a) Formal Leadership ITFO Leaders play an important role in the success of a group. (b) Roles Each member of a work group has their own role to play with a set of expected behavior patterns accompanying their position and responsibilities within the group. It found that, each person of ITFO have more than one role to play at any given time within their different groups. Beside of ITFO task, the members from level 2 and 1 (figure 1.1) have their main job such as computer lab administration. From the evaluation made, the level acceptance and satisfaction of tasks are moderate. (c) Norms In terms of quality, punctuality, absenteeism, safety, honesty in giving ideas and others, it was found the situations of all characteristic is fare, which means there are no big issue arise in the group. (d) Group Size It found that, the ITFO group size is acceptable to the tasks requirement. (e) Group Composition All group members of ITMS and ITFO have their skill and knowledge. It consists of various personalities gender, age, education level and experiences. Heterogeneous groups such ITFO IT Helpdesk and Deployment groups are more effective compared with homogeneous such as Inventory Management sub group because they possess more abilities, skills, and information as a result of having members from a variety of backgrounds. However, each group members have their own strengths and weaknesses. (f) Cohesiveness It found that, cohesiveness among ITFO is excellence because they interact well each other and the tasks given which is interrelated flows effectively. For example, the IT Helpdesk assigned task such as troubleshoot customer (lecturer) computer problem to the Deployment Production group. The result found they are easily interacts each other without conflict. 3.4 Group Processes ITFO work group has formed base on decision made from Support Level and Level 3 in figure 1.1. The main objective is to accelerate and give better IT Media services to UTP organisation. Based on the result since a year ITFO been established, effectiveness of the work group is still being monitored by ITMS manager. Support level has claimed that, there is positive movement in terms of efficiency of task given. For example, Deployment Production group (figure 1.1) has given task on migration of new computer laboratory instead of the custodian of the laboratory do their own migration which is consumed longer time and more effort. 3.5 Group Task Result from the findings, it found, with a simple or routine task, group members did well in term of follow the standard procedure in performing the task without the need to discuss the alternatives such as, how to log user problem in the Helpdesk system or how to install MS Office to the user computer. Similarly, group members have interact more often if the degree of task dependency is high. For example, available version of software like MATLAB cant be installed to the new OS computer. Thus, ITFO work group (inventory management and Deployment group) need to work together to find alternative and decision have to be made. Group performance of ITFO is having effective communication and minimum level of conflict among members. 4.0 Workgroups Performance and Satisfaction Based on the Group Behavior Model which I was elaborated above, can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organisation. From the findings, ITFO it closely to be an effective group due to the creative ideas among members, accomplish their tasks and can adapt to any changes such as IT revolution. As a IT manager on Support level in figure 1.1, he was able to see and assess the strategies required to develop effective groups in an organization. For example, he encourages the workgroups member to attend suitable training to particular area of their expertise such as inventory management system to the inventory management workgroup. Nevertheless, the level 3 (figure 1.1) need extra attention in cohesiveness matter to their subordinate group which resulted less cohesiveness. Then, a degree of understanding between the group leader and his/her members is moderate. For example, biasness occurred and favorable practices. If the situation can be eliminate, positive effect on the performance and satisfaction of group members will increase. 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation to improve performance and satisfaction From the findings, it concluded that, better GBM approaches from selected company can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organization. External condition imposed on the group such as better performance appraisal and reward system is the most concerned into effectiveness of the work group performance and satisfaction. These are the three recommendations on how to improve performance satisfaction from the selected company: a) The performance appraisal and reward system from the company can be said stated clearly, but the result at the end is not the same of what members group has expected. Thus, misjudge about performance evaluation of the particular group must be eliminate and required accuracy. b) Cohesiveness of superior and support level 3 (figure 1.1) to their subordinate group members must be strength. According to Robbins (2004) Cohesiveness is importance because it has been found to be related to the groups productivity. To strengthen cohesiveness, the leader must frequently meet groups member such as conduct meeting twice a month, or involved external activity such as team building and sport event. c) From the findings, group task of each work group is claimed to be bias from certain member. For example, Deployment Production work group perceived that their task load is heavy compared to Inventory Management. Thus, leader must clearly state about task segregation and be balanced to each work groups member due to workgroup productivity and job satisfaction. Total number of words: 3387 References Dr. Faizuniah Pangil, Dr. Fais Ahmad, Dr. Ooi Yeng Keat, Hanisah A. Razak, Naslina Zakaria, Zulufli Aziz, Ruhana Busu, Assoc Prof Dr. Husna Johari (2010). BBGO4103 Organisational Behaviour. (2nd Edition). Meteor Doc. Sdn. Bhd. Selangor Darul Ehsan. Robbins, Stephen P (2003). Organizational Behavior (10th ed.). Pearson Educational, Incorporated. Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J. G., Osborn, R. N. (2003). Organizational Behavior (8th ed.). USA: Wiley, John Sons, Incorporated. Collela, A., Hitt, M., Miller, C. (2006). Organisational behaviour: A strategic approach. USA: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Whai is workgroup. (n.d). Retrieved March 3, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workgroup

Planning and Maintenance Problems

Planning and Maintenance Problems Plan and Maintenance Problem 1 To calculate to peak operative temperature in this room in August, some assumes are made before calculation: The operative temperature in adjoining rooms is equal to that for the module under consideration and hence heat glow occur only through the outside window-wall; The window will be open during the day and close at night; The thermal transmittance of the window frame is equal to that of the glass; There are no internal blinds, therefor the solar gain to the air node is zero (Sa =0) According to the equation (5.42), this calculation will be divided into three parts. First, find out the mean operative temperature. Second, find out the swing in operative temperature. And find out the peak temperature in the final. Calculation: Area: External wall = 3.08m2, Internal wall = 40.88m2, Internal floor = 19.8m2 Ceiling (intermediate floor) = 19.8m2, Glazing (include. frame) = 7.0m2 Volume of room = 55.44m3 Summed values: Summed area = 90.56m2 Summed U Value = 22.1/WK-1 Summed U Value = 321.2/WK-1 First part Mean operative temperature: Solar Gain through glazing (Table 5.7): = 0.62 x 177 x 6.3 = 691.36W Internal heat gain: = (792 + 1280 + 1584) / 24 =152.33W Fabric heat gain (Table 2.34(h)): = (3.08 x 0.49 x 26.9) + (7 x 2.94 x 19.8) = 448.08W Total gains to environmental node: = 691.36 + 152.33 + 448.08 = 1291.8W Total gain to air node: = 0 + (55.4 x 19.8) = 1097.7W Room ventilation conductance (Table 5.2): =1/3 x 3 x 55.44 =55.44WK-1 Thermal response factor for the room: = (321.2 + 55.44) / (22.1 + 55.44) = 4.9 Room conductance correction factor; = 3 [55.44 + (6 x 90.56)] / 22.1 + (18 X 90.56) = 1.09 Mean operative temperature at center of room: = [1097.7 + (1.09 x 1291.8)] / [55.44 + (1.09 x 22.1)] = 31.51K Second Part- Swing in operative temperature: Swing in solar gain (Table 2.30 and Table 5.7): = 0.44 x 6.3 x (603 – 177) = 1180.9W Swing in structural gain (Table 2.34(h), and given time lag factor (9.5h)); = [ (0.18 x 3.08 x 0.49) x (11.7 – 26.9) ] + [ (1 x 7 x 2.94) x (24.8 – 19.8) ] = 98.77W Swing in internal gain; = [ (2 x 80) + ( 10 x 19.8) ] – 152.33 = 205.67W Swing in ventilation heat gain: = 55.44 x (24.8 – 19.8) = 277.2W Total swing in heat gain to environmental node: = 1180.9 + 98.77 + 205.67 = 1485.3W Total swing in heat gain to air node: = 0 + 227.30 = 227.30W Mean-to-peak swing in operative temperature Room admittance factor with respect to operative temperature; = 3 [ 55.44 + (6 x 90.56) ] / [ 321.2 + (18 x 90.56) ] = 0.92 The swing in operative temperature at 12:30: (at 12:30) = [ 277.2 + ( 0.92 x 1485.3) ] / [ 55.44 + (0.92 x 321.2) ] = 4.68K Final Part: Peak internal operative temperature: = 31.51 + 4.68 = 36.2 °C As the result, the temperature is too high in the office space, some issues of shading or cooling should be required to reduce the risk of overheat. Problem 2 2a) During project handover, the operational risk management cycle starts with the first implementation procedures by creating the risk inventory through risk identification and risk assessment. Starting with risk identification and assessment, the better the risk assessment and the risk information gathered is structured; the more successful will be the future continuing reassessment process. Good results for risk evaluation are achieved if unit heads and risk or process experts agree on the valuation of the risk. Then, risk mitigation and control system is carried out in view to adequately assessing the impact of an identified risk on the organization’s business, one has to consider existing controls and mitigating measures that already reduce the likelihood or severity of the risk scenario identified. A risk mitigating measure is usually a one-time measure for which an implantation date and a responsible person are defined. Risk scenario, mitigation measure, control, and loss event help to keep track of the implementation steps. These results in improved transparency, efficiency and data integrity compared to the widespread solutions that typically create problems with regard to user access rights, data integrity and confidentiality. Followed by risk mitigation and control system is risk controlling and reporting. The goal of the risk management process is to keep identified risks in line with the risk policy and risk strategy approved by the Board of Directors and the executive team. This process could assure existing controls are actually performed and newly approved risk mitigating measures are implemented as planned. Lastly, followed by the above steps of operational risk management processes, simple risk aggregation and consolidation methods can be introduced. Grouping risks by categories to look for worst-case risk scenarios, consolidating risks across business units and evaluating dependencies, correlation or diversification potential between risks can be introduced already with relatively simple methods and are an important step towards an integrated risk perspective. Based on the structured risk information gathered and the integrated perspective on all relevant risks, mitigation measures and implemented controls, the risk manager is able to produce risk reports according to the need of any type of management level. 2b) There are a number of elements involved in the development and implantation of operational risks. They could be divided into Pre-handover activities and post-handover activities. The following responsibilities should be worked among the project sponsor, building owners, contractors and maintenance providers. Regarding Pre-handover activities: First, developing commissioning program which including the calibrating, testing and running of building systems, services and equipment to ensure the building is ready for use. Sometimes, the manufacturer’s representatives may be present on site to authorize the operation of services and equipment. To make sure the services and equipment have been correctly installed and functioning. Calibrating the control instruments and systems to ensure energy conservation and environment conditions are maintained. Second, transferring of documentation to the client is involved in the development and implementation of operational risks. For example, in terms of building service, the building documentation may include: statutory authority permits and approvals, including progressive building certifier approvals. Providing plant, equipment, services and system information and schedules, including recommendations regarding lifecycle costing, â€Å"as-built† building plans and commissioning data, service maintenance requirements, operation and maintenance manuals covering design and operating parameters, service maintenance schedules, maintenance and cleaning products, tools and spare parts. Third, the project contractors should assist the building owner or maintenance providers to determine the building maintenance requirements. Forth, develop handover training program to familiarize the building owner and maintenance provider personnel with building equipment and systems. It is a good practice as training sessions coordination could utilize the expertise of the design and construction teams such as subcontractors. Effective training will let the building users and owners obtaining knowledge to manage the building and its fixtures, fit-outs, equipment, services and systems. The training contents may include occupational instructions and coincide with the handover of building documentation. Regarding Post- handover activities: First, identify outstanding defects and rectify all outstanding defects prior to final completion. If defects or omissions are identified by the building owner after final completion. Second, monitoring maintenance and update building asset records is involved in the implantation of operational risks. Most building contracts have a defects liability period, typically for twelve months from the practical completion. Therefore, maintenance activity should be monitored and maintenance records should be continually updated to reflect any new defects and rectification works. And these records should be added into a defects report, including the details of maintenance activities undertaken. The certificate of final completion confirms that all contractual requirements have been met, including the rectification or acceptance of all outstanding defects and attendance to all omissions. Forth, project files and accounts are to be closed which allow easy auditing in the future. Substantial records created or received by the design and construction team must be sorted, indexed and recorded to create an auditable project trail. Care must be taken to store all financial records securely. Undertake final completion inspection to ensure satisfactory rectification of all outstanding defects. Last but not least, update and maintain asset register and other relevant asset management systems. Problem 3 3a) Operating temperatures The electrical energy produced by biomass gasification CHP plants can be consumed directly or injected into the network. The production of thermal energy can be specified at below: High-temperature heat (steam or thermal oil, up to 200 ° C) applies for industries which consume heat. Low-temperature heat (hot water at 90-95 ° C) applies for industries which consume heat, urban heating networks by hospitals, schools, government bodies, swimming pools, and industries linked to the wood sector that have co-products and thermal energy requirements. Cost The capital costs of the biomass CHP processes are much higher than fossil fuel fired CHP systems. Small-scale biomass CHP is undergoing trials in the UK. Biomass CHP offers a carbon saving potential for large sites (e.g. over 20 MWe). At these scales, biomass CHP will typically use steam turbines linked to district heating. Environmental regulation / considerations To apply biomass CHP, several matters should be considered. Provide a suitable supply chain for biomass fuel. The site access for large lorries delivering the fuel and storage space for the fuel. The route and mechanism to transport fuel from the store to the boiler and the plant room space around the boiler for cleaning. Integration into the building engineering system Building systems are usually connected to the network via a heat exchanger. Whilst there is some amount of thermal loss from the heat distribution infrastructure, the aggregation of small heat loads from individual buildings into a single large load allows the use of large scale heat technologies. 3b) A district heating scheme comprises a network of insulated pipes used to deliver heat, in the form of hot water or steam, from the point of generation to an end user. District heating networks provide the means to transport heat efficiently. They can currently be built up to around 30km from generating plant and distribution networks can be hundreds of kilometers long. The development of the district heating scheme is benefit to the community include avoided costs of energy, through the use of surplus and wasted heat energy, and reduced investment in individual household or building heating equipment. Problem 4 4a) CBM is a short form Condition Based Maintenance. It is a maintenance strategy that adopted the actual condition of the asset to decide what maintenance needs to be done. It acts as a condition monitoring since it provides an instantaneous indication of a machine’s condition, ensuring critical systems maintained in top condition and spot the upcoming of plant failure. More, it helps improve the conventional maintenance regime by evaluating indicative parameters of plant condition such as temperature, vibration, oil condition, power quality. CBM is a highly effective maintenance strategy which benefits to safety and reliability nature industries such as aircraft industry, semiconductor manufacturing, nuclear, oil and power etc. The advantages examples are stated as following: First, it enhances fault detection in many plant items. Second, it reduces failure rates, labour time and repair budgets. Third, by carrying out the CBM, it gains the greater understanding of plant performance, and thus improves the energy efficiency and worker safety. 4b) As mentioned in 4a), there are a lot of benefits by adopting CBM. Below are the five different CBM methods examples which would help enhance fault detection in plant items and reduce their failure rates. First, acoustic emission monitoring which monitoring defect the naturally occurring high frequency structure borne elastic waves which are produced in materials under some form of stress. Acoustic emissions are the stress waves measuring in dB at high frequency 20kHz to 1 MHz. The instrument is commonly used to listen and measure the acoustic signals emanating from items such as pump’s bearing to define the condition with the plant during it operation. It has a good signal to noise ratio and is not affected by background noise. Second, Vibration analysis which forecast the condition for most machines with moving parts and all rotating machinery has a degree of vibration due to difficulties in balancing the moving parts. For example, bearing degradation and misalignment, to assess plant condition to enhance fault detection and reduce failure rates. It measured in dB at lower frequency range of 100Hz to 10KHz. When faults begin to appear in plant items, the normal vibrations begin to show signs of change. When these vibration measurements are â€Å"trended† over a period of time, the change in the plant conditions can be seen as a graphical representation. It can indicate when lubrication is required, whether the lubrication has been successful and the condition of bearings. Moreover, any misalignment, loose components and other problems that cause the machine to vibrate can be detected, giving maintenance staff the chance to intercept faults and maximise the effectiveness of these tasks and their time. Third, application of Ultrasonic thickness testing uses complex electronic equipment to generate and detect reflections of ultrasonic vibrations from interfaces between materials. Any material that transmits mechanical vibrations can be tested. It is the best method in terms of cost-effectiveness and the ability to detect irregularities in a metallic system. For example, it can read its thickness by simply touching the steel with the measurement head. Contact is usually assured by first removing visible corrosion scale and then applying petroleum jelly or another couplant before pressing the probe against metal. It could detect the occurrence of pitting and cracks both internally and externally resulting from corrosion, microbial and chemical contamination and general wear and tear. Therefore, it avoids the possibilities of leaking and potential failure of critical systems. More importantly, the testing is used to inspect metal to determine quality and safety without destroying or compromising its integrity. Forth, Thermography could be used to evaluate plant condition by obtaining temperature observations of building service pant. The deviation in temperature at which particular pieces of plant operate is often indicative of plant condition. The radiation emitted from the surface of an object is a function of the object temperature with the infrared element of the radiation being measured and converted into an equivalent temperature. The thermal image is constructed from a multitude of point measurements. And the point temperature values are represented on a grey or colour scale. Last, Lubricant and fluid analysis. Microbes can induce corrosion of steel and non-ferrous metals or they can accelerate normal electro-chemical corrosion processes. This mechanism can be occurred directly or indirectly. The analysis will reveal things like oil contamination, incorrect fill levels, as well as a breakdown or degradation of the lubricant’s composition. The procedure is performed by taking a small sample of the lubricant from the machine in question and sending it to laboratory for aassessment of the presence of the organism. 1