Change Management in the Learning Organization Essay

In this paper I intend to discuss change management approaches that support the learning organization philosophy. The learning organization is defined as an organization that acquires knowledge and innovates fast enough to survive and thrive in a rapidly changing environment. Learning organizations (1) create a culture that encourages and supports continuous employee learning, critical thinking, and risk taking with new ideas, (2) allow mistakes, and value employee contributions, (3) learn from experience and experiment, and (4) disseminate the new knowledge throughout the organization for incorporation into day-to-day activities. On the other hand we have a process called change management which is defined as minimizing resistance to organizational change through involvement of key players and stakeholders. At my organization these two go hand in hand and it allows for us as a company to experience constant growth and development of our staff. Our employees are more willing to welco me change when we train them in the process. As businesses moves through the 21st century, they are becoming more dependent upon their managers to be change agents. These companies actually seek managers who can bring success to their organizations. Three of the characteristics we look for in our new managers are they must have the ability to stimulate change, excellent planning capabilities, and ethics. Over the years I have spent in management I have learned that success in  becoming a learning organization relies on a commitment to learning on the part of the organizations I have worked for and the willingness of the individuals involved to be receptive to the change process. As a manager, what we usually can change falls into basically three categories; people, structure, or technology. An efficient manager will make alterations in these areas in an attempt to facilitate change. With people the change involves adjusting attitudes, expectations, perceptions, and probably most importantly behavior. Coaching people to adjust in these areas will help employees within the organization to work together more effectively. Changing structure relates to the job design, specialization, hierarchy and any other structural variables. These usually need to be flexible and non-static in order to be adaptable to change. When dealing with technological change we are looking at modifying work processes and methods along with the introduction of new equipment. To me learning organizations support the change process just as much as change management supports the learning organization philosophy. I say that because every change calls for some sort of learning as the more comprehensive the change the more attention we have to place on learning for the individuals involved in the change. By utilizing the learning organizations philosophies companies including the one I work for are able to magnify the potential of its employees which keeps them growing. References www.businessdictionary.com www.morfconsulting.com Learning in action: a guide to putting the learning organization to work/ David A. Garvin

Quantitative research Essay

Isaac and Michael described quantitative research as allowing the researcher to formulate research questions or hypotheses and then to test each under controlled conditions. They decided its greatest merit is the convincing nature of hard data collected that can speak for itself (1974, 354-355). PROCEDURES To conduct this study, the following actions will be taken regarding each of the objectives: First objective: To identify and report the desired behaviors required for future Christian education leaders. 1. The literature of the field will be reviewed in the following areas: (a) Biblical context, (b) Church History, and (c) contemporary ministry. 2. The findings of the literature will be reported in chapter 2. Second objective: To validate the behaviors identified in the literature review. In order for the inventory of behaviors to be comprehensive, Flanagan stated that it is necessary to obtain a sufficiently representative sample (1949, 343). a) The degree of mutuality existing among the behaviors reported will be identified with respect to the different clusters. b) The number of behaviors will continue to be reduced by combining similar behaviors and writing new descriptions without regard for specific categories. c) The final inventory of administrative behaviors will be produced by the researcher. 2. The findings of the inventory of behaviors will be reported in chapter 3. Third objective: To make appropriate recommendations on the selection and training of future education administrators. 1. The study, including the findings of objectives 1 and 2 will be reviewed and summarized. 2. Appropriate conclusions will be drawn. 3. Specific recommendation which emerge from the study will be made, including suggestions for utilization of the competency areas recommended by the study, and suggestions for further research. 4. The summary, conclusions, and recommendation including check list will be reported in chapter 4. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY The study will be organized into four chapters in accordance with the Action Research, as table 1 displays. TABLE 1 Organization of the study based on action research Action Research Steps Chapters 1 2 3 4 Planning/Conceptualization X Fact Finding X X X Evaluation X Chapter 1 has stated the problem and purpose, explained the importance of the study, and stated the method. Chapter 2 will survey the literature to identify and report behaviors required to effectively analyze the characteristics of the church leaders, church members and surrounding neighborhood. Chapter 3 will report the validated behaviors for the role of the church. Chapter 4 will review and summarized the study, offer appropriate conclusion and discuss recommendations for change and future study. CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS We expect every church planter either black or white to be a good leader. Everyone else who knows about leader and his ministry, even including his group people expect it too. This is truly right no matter who a church planter is, may be any man or woman, may be a minister having both in church and outside of the church jobs. He may be a permanent pastor. Every church planter must enquire about his personality by self-questioning in such a personal way so that obtaining answers can help him to be sure about his decision and can help him to find out his true calling these answer can also help planter to know his future as a leader of his group. Our own understanding taught us about good leaders and leadership which we learned by working with different leaders. These leaders are the ones that people have known, read or watched about them. A successful leader has four elements including organization second program third morale and forth leadership. The greatest of four is leadership. Although morale is condition of mind and character that shows the person is brave. It also includes ability to do things with full trust on your self. The organizational element is based on morale followers; program of a church goes where the leadership goes. People have studied different kinds of leaders in secular history and in the Bible. The Lord Jesus Christ is their example as a true leader in Christian service. In the Bible God chose many people as leaders in His work for example Abraham, Noah, Nehemiah, Joseph, Paul and Daniel. Whenever the God leads anyone to think, about going into the Christian ministry he must look for a person who could demonstrate Him, what His person really used to be. A question also rises of what does God require of that person as His leader? And what it takes to be a good leader? The needed qualities of a Christian leader or a church planter should be as the Joseph had he even became a picture or copy of Jesus Christ. Joseph’s acts and character were good qualities for a church leader any church leader with these characteristics will definitely have success. â€Å"It is vital that counselors who collaborate with African American congregations understand that titles and the values assigned to them can be very important in the Black church and within many African American families. Counselors who do not use the formal titles of ministers, church leaders, older church members, and members who have earned doctoral degrees run the risk of hampered rapport. † (2005, 147) The God selected some of His people to be prophets, apostles, pastors, missionaries, and teachers, so that His people would be taught to serve and would become strong. This will carry on until we are united on accepting the Son of God by our faith. All the church has realized the need for leadership; they spend a big part of their life with the life of the church. People often think about the job of church leaders without attempting to connect their roles to the nature and purpose of the church. It means that church leaders become functionaries rather than ministers and become organization maintainers rather than church mission leader. But true black church leader as a person is that who uses his gifts to facilitate others in ministry, and then making suggestions and observations for implications to church.

Analysis Of Reagans National Association Of Evangelicals Speech Politics Essay

Analysis Of Reagans National Association Of Evangelicals Speech Politics Essay In President Reagans remarks at the Annual Convention of the National Association of Evangelicals, he uses the association with the Convention, appeals to a common ethical background and relevant historical examples to persuade the Convention to be involved in politics and to persuade the American public that the conflict against the communism is a matter of good versus evil in an attempt to solicit more support in the increase in hostilities against the Soviet Union and the push against secularism dominating moral decisions in America. Just a few years into his first term, President Reagan was not a man to shrink from challenge or controversy. Well entrenched in his belief that man was good and that good would eventually defeat evil, he used this speech to hammer home the ideas that he held into his audience, and also give warning to his enemies. Perhaps the most important rhetorical strategy of President Reagan’s speech was its setting. In choosing to deliver this speech be fore the Annual Convention of the National Association of Evangelicals, the President was able to affect many details that added credibility and weight to his speech in one fell swoop. Already known for his strong conviction in God, the fact that he would speak before this group was not shocking, nor was it shocking that he would take a stance against some more liberal policies being pushed in political circles at the time. It was this sense of comfort and security that worked on President Reagans behalf twofold. By allowing both opponents and allies alike to believe that this was simply any other speech, President Reagan is able to free himself from concerns about how the speech will be received and helps set up for the bait and switch later on. Once the tone, general Republican rhetoric, and style of the speech was established, it had become apparent that President Reagan was planning to use the speech as a political pulpit to combat certain liberal agendas that he was not in favo r of, such as abortion without parental notification or the starving of disabled infants. Both of these examples carried with them extreme moral weight with the crowd and President Reagan made sure to place himself on the side of the audience, that is the belief that all life needs ‘its right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness . . . protected.’ By using this assumption of his goal along with the audience mirroring his ethical code, President Reagan set up a bait-and-switch, in that his solidified brotherhood with the audience used this agreement of goals and morals to make a more significant statement. This more significant statement flows from the same lines of reason and logic that was previously identified and accepted, but is a statement that the audience would generally be uncomfortable making. By putting the reasoning first, President Reagan checkmates the audience into agreement, thus a bait and switch. The bait-and-switch itself was rather simple. In the initial portion of the speech, President Reagan appealed to the ethical nature of the audience by giving examples of current events and using the audience’s common ethical background to create common ground with that audience. He also seeks to calm the audience by informing them that they are not the minority as the media of the time made them feel. ’95 percent of those surveyed expressed a belief in God,’ President Reagan assured, ‘and a huge majority believed the Ten Commandments had real meaning in their lives.’ This information was perfectly aimed at his audience of Christian Evangelicals. He went on to say that most studies found most Americans disapproved of adultery, teenage sex, pornography, abortion, and hard drugs. By using these facts, President Reagan was able to convey a measure of strength and confidence to the audience, and an important strategy of this speech emerges. By allowing the audience to feelcomfortable in accepting Pres ident Reagan’s assertions, and once the audience was made to feel emboldened and powerful by acts of support through the country,President Reagan could make assertions based off of this camaraderie with the audience. Having bolstered his credibility and logical base, P. Reagan then applied all of this to his final point, the labeling of the Soviet Union as the ‘Evil Empire’ that must be fought.

Probation Officer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Probation Officer - Essay Example Three associations that provide aid and support to the professionals of the career of probation officer include the American Probation and Parole Association (APPA), Federal Probation and Pretrial Officers Association (FPPOA) and the National Association of Probation Executives (NAPE) (Clear, 2006). The mission of APPA is to assist, confront and provide authority to its members with the aid of learning and development (APPA, 2012). The APPA comprises of members from various countries including Canada and US, these members are indulged in the activity of probation on various fronts including: executive, legislative and others. If an individual want to become a member of this association, he/she has to invest $50. APPA produces various publications including Perspectives and CC Headlines. The FPPOA’s mission constitutes of supporting, promoting and setting standards for the professional probation officers (FPPOA, 2012). To become an active member of this association for one year , an individual has to pay $40 and the publication produced by this association is recognized as THE CONNECTION. The mission of NAPE is to increase the professionalism of the profession of probation. An individual subscription of NAPE costs $50/year and the publications produced by NAPE is NBAPE Executive Exchange (NAPE, 2012). The legal code of probation in the New York is Article 12-A, the laws contained in this code are associated with increasing professionalism of probation officers, the educational and training requirements of a probationer officer, the jobs that these officers have to perform and the tests that these officers have to pass through (FindLaw,

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 327

Assignment Example ers will have a problem if they knew that the state or local government collecting political action money for the union since they will not be able to identify any fund that belong to the state and used by the local government. There is no basis in which in which the taxpayers will use to reduce the challenge (Law and Ian, 241). The funds that the state uses to support the union will not be easily identified in regard to money that is collected from the union. Distinguishing between state employees and local government employees will also be a problem. Basis for Supreme Court ruling in favor of the state was due to argument of the state that a political subdivision is a subordinate unit of the government and this could allow the state to perform delegated functions of the government (Law and Ian, 67). The local government is seen to have no privilege under the federal constitution and the state thought it could not involve in collecting political money. It is also not clear whether the state allocates funding used in the local

Technology Management in Electronic Goods Company Essay

Technology Management in Electronic Goods Company - Essay Example We will consider the performance and demands of the products in the market in the light of the theoretical framework developed by Christensen. We will discuss the contribution of Christensen’s concepts in developing the strategy for avoiding the disruption in the market from the point of view of incumbent (Bower, 1995). We will also consider the prospects of Electra from the point of view of new emergent in the market as well as disruptors. Low-end disruption and high-end disruption scenarios will be discussed herein. Criterion or the basis for production and purchase is included. New market disruption will be highlighted in the later parts of the report. At the end, the strategies to maintain a sustained technological development in the market to avoid incurring of disruption will be described (Bower, 1995). 2. Theoretical Concepts: Christensen’s Contribution 2.1) Basic Concepts The theoretical framework of disruption in the market of existing technologies and products was laid by Clayton M. Christensen. He proposed the ideas of â€Å"Disruptive Innovation† which refers the products or values in the market that provide new dimensions or uses to customers (Bower, 1995). It focuses on providing something new in the market which is markedly different than the current products. The performance of the new products may or may not be superior to the existing technology but these items are supporting the desires of the people who are purchasing them. The term of â€Å"disruption† is often used in the realm of business which defines the phenomenon of tremendous improvement in the current technology that the existing technology couldn’t predict or anticipate (Archibugi, 1997). The innovation in the market can be introduced either by targeting a new set of consumers or lowering the prices of the existing products by lowering their performance from the current standards but keeping them above the expectations of consumers (Adner, 2002). Disruptive technology is markedly different from sustainable innovation. The latter refers to the sane series of products in the market with superior performance (Chandy, 2000). The applications could be increased with superior output. However, the dimensions of the products are kept the same. In disruptive technology, the marketers try an entirely new type of product that has no prior link to the existing technology. The new technology targets a set of consumers. The consumers may lie at lo-end or high-end of quality expectations. Their demand sets the basis for disruption of the existing products. If the new products meet the requirements of the consumers at lower performance and cost, then disruption is certainly set in (Charitou, 2012). 2.2) Intersecting Performance Projector of Sustainable Technology and Disruptive Technology The hypothesis proposed by Christensen declares the firms and companies to be climbers in performance measures. They need to upgrade their standards with time to keep up with the market requirements. The continuous rise in performance marks the existence of the company in the market. If improvement in the performance is not achieved, then it would reduce the business considerably. Christensen’s concept of the company states that the firm holds its existing â€Å"value networks† that doesn’t emphasize much on innovations in the market (Christensen, 1998). The hypothesis of Christensen focused on strategies to avoid the technological disruption in the market.

Successfulness of the canadian environmental protection act Essay

Successfulness of the canadian environmental protection act - Essay Example On October 23, 1987, the bill passed second reading. After third reading and extensive amendments by House of Commons Legislative Committee, the bill passed as an Act that respects the protection of the environment and human life and health. Introducing the Act was a legislative initiative aimed at invigorating the insipid federal Environmental Assessment and Review Process (EARP).Proposed as a bill by the then Minister of Environment, Tom McMillan, CEPA perceived as federal government of Canada’s effort to firmly establish that it is federal government’s obligation to integrate environmental safety aspects in all of its projects planning and implementation. Therefore, federal government ensured that no policy, program, project, or legislation should proceed without adequate analysis of its potential environmental consequences (UNEP, 1999, p.48). Considering the scope and complexity of changed made after review in 1990s, reviewers decided to repeat the practice in seven years. The objectives for assessment were to review the implementation process, and the extent to which it is proved effective in achieving its prime objective-protecting human health and environment. First Reading Version of 1999 mandated for review in seven years, the final version mandated a reduced time period of five years (Standing Senate Committee on Energy, 2008, p.1). In order to determine CEPA’s success, Environment Canada and health Canada considered four years of implementing CEPA and attributed it as an essential part of the complex regime of inter-related laws, policies, and institutions which guarantee adequate and comprehensive management of threats to human health, life, and environment. This complex regime incorporates federal, provincial, territorial, Aboriginal and local governments, judiciary, industry, and civil society in addition to other national or international organizations (Environment Canada and Health Canada, 2004, p.4). Despite the short time of its implementation and continuous review, in a 2005 web based public response primarily echoed the need of better implementation and enforcement of CEPA, 1999.Several practitioners across Canada and different sectors had a general perception that CEPA, 1999 is primarily a sound piece of legislation which does not require any substantial amendment in its content in order to ensure effective and continuous protection of human health, life, and environment. However, many believed that, generally there is more to be done when it comes to effectively implementing the law in order to ensure that the legislation is tapped to its full potential by taking actions swiftly and reducing risks involved (Versteeg as cited in Standing Senate Committee on Energy, 2008, p.3) According to Standing Senate Committee on Energy(2008,p.3) it is argued that the lacking will to implement and enforce the CEPA, and lacking resources for implementation and enforcement are the major areas of concern that und ermine the effectiveness of CEPA environmental protection regime. It is also argued that resources and time for legislative review of CEPA should not be taken from those allocated for implementation

What is the relationship between drama and theatre education and Assignment

What is the relationship between drama and theatre education and creative learning - Assignment Example fficulty facing scholars constitute the ability to distinguish between drama and theatre and establishment of the relationship between drama and theatre education as tools for creative learning. This research paper aims at establishing a clear distinction between theatre and drama in addition to establishing a relationship between drama/theatre and creative learning. The paper will achieve this by discussing the critical aspects of creative learning, relationship between drama and theatre education and creative learning, how creative drama enhance creativity in learning, and importance of drama in assessments, and theories of drama and theatre in creative learning. Creative learning is enhanced through the level of creativity possessed by the learner. Winston (2010) defines creative learning as imaginative activities fashioned with the aim of producing outcomes characterized by originality and value. In creativity, the learner has to portray originality and value in the end result of the learning process. Fleming (2011) outlines the basic features of creativity; these are use of imagination, pursuing purposes, being original and judging value. In Jo Trowsdale’s session, for example, the class was introduced to a range of creative people who shared a variety of characteristics. These personalities included Aristotle, Vivien Westwood, and Martin Luther King; from them it was evident that creativity is not just about arts and not always related to a product, but it could be a change of mind/heart. Any creativity process lacking any of the aforementioned features is considered null since it lacks the main components of creativity. Creativity involves playing with new ideas and trying out possibilities from such ideas. For example, the Myth of Icarius revealed three different period of painting. Flying too high using the wings would take Icarius too close to the sun and melt while flying too low would take him close to the sea and drown. This implies that Icarius

ISHI in two worlds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ISHI in two worlds - Essay Example He faces a number of challenges trying to fit into the clearly segregated society. The people around him fail to understand him and are always trying to change him. Ishi does not require any help from all these â€Å"Americans† around him. He knows his way through the region he has lived here all his life. However, the people are always trying to offer him help since they believe that he is not civilized enough to live in the modern day American society. The tribulations faced by Ishi are similar to those faced by millions of people who migrate into the United States of America on a daily basis. Unfortunately, I am one of such victims of circumstance (Kroeber 76). Ishi eventually dies out of medical complications developed from the strange treatment he receives right within his mother land. I on the contrary refuse to die and assimilate to the ways of these who purport to be the actual Americans. The only problem associated with the assimilation lifestyle I adopted is that one gets to forget his own identity and acquires another. This is a difficult life, one in which your skin color and the persona deep within me keeps reminding me of the me who once lived in Africa but the life and the experiences necessary to survive in this strange life continually perfect my new personality. I in most cases end up torn between the two worlds. Civilization is relative; every age in the history of human development had its own civilization. This refers to the cultural practices, religious beliefs and the general way of life lived by people habiting a given region. It is therefore wrong to claim supremacy of a culture just because one lives in a developed country. Ishi was rom a tribe known as Yahi, these were the red Indians who coincidentally were the indigenous habitant of the region currently siting the United States of America. They had their own unique life style that enabled them to live the lives they led. they were hunters and gatherers and depended on rain fe d agriculture for crops. They had their own unique religion and believed in myths additionally, they had their own language. In brief, this was their civilization. The value of life in humanity is equal irrespective of how one lives his or hers. Had a group of Yahi youth tumbled upon a modern day American nineteen year old boy, in their own civilization I guess they could have referred to the boy as uncivilized. I came to the United States of America from a third world country. Back home we had our own civilization, it could not have been the best but we lived it and we were happy. I had my own religion and my way of eating and my language; these basic aspects define humanity. My skin color does not make me a lesser human being than any other of my white classmate. We interact at all the time and they even consult me in the study groups. This does not make me or them better humans. We are all relative in our capacities, it is therefore wise to acknowledge the uniqueness in the other but not capitalize on it as a weakness. Some of the people I first interacted with were insensitive and did not behave the superiority they claimed their race bestowed on them. Everyone has his or her own space, at the end of the day when it is all said and done I proceed to my place and spend the rest of my day there while another does the same. We thus are all in control of our little private spaces and this eventually makes us equal. Claiming superiority kills or suppresses the self-esteem of another, seven

My Dream House Essay Example for Free

My Dream House Essay Living life large as people may say it, is my kind of lifestyle, my dream is to make it big and enjoy the finest things in life. Indeed, this can only come with dedication, hard work and a master plan. My dream house can be described in two words, classy and comfortable. The setting should be at the beach where I can view the ocean and enjoy cool breeze; this would also give me the chance to enjoy my hobby, that it swimming. The design should be a mixture of the old and modern architecture and rises above the ground to be held by large beacons. The high rise would ensure that the trees do not block my ocean view. The color would be sky blue that would match and blend with the nearby ocean waters and which also happens to be my favorite color. The roofing should be fitted in that it is able to monitor the beach and ocean activities and acts as a remote weather station. In the inside, the plain white color would brace the walls with paintings from exhibitions. I like paintings from the Africa continent and the ancient Asian art. In addition, sculptures would come in handy in the interior decorations. The black leather couches would have a clear appeal to the house and make it comfortable. Furnishing the house would be very easy as my preference would be artistic furniture. A lazy bag is also a favorite piece, not because am lazy but because it ensures creativity and relaxation; additionally, the Jacuzzi would be a no missing feature. I would not go for the many roomed and large houses since they have a feel of loneliness.  In conclusion, my dream house stands out because of the setting, design and the blend of a modern and ancient structure.

The impact of bioinformatics on microbiology

The impact of bioinformatics on microbiology Bioinformatics can be described as a merging of information technology and molecular biology, where the former is used to solve problems in biology (Altman, 1998) which involves the analysis and organisation of biological data (Perez-Iratxeta et al., 2007). It is a relatively recent discipline with its roots in the construction of molecular sequence databases between the late 1960s and early 1970s on early computers by organisations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States (Smith, 1990). With the foundation of large integrated databases such as GenBank in 1982 (Smith, 1990) along with major advances in computer technology and the development of a variety of biochemical wet-lab (laboratory bench-work) techniques that allow rapid generation and analysis of genomic and proteomic data (Bansal, 2005), bioinformatics has become an important recognised field of its own in the last twenty-odd years in particular. It has had a major impact on all fields of biology, and has revolutionised some of the manners in which microbiological research is carried out. As the discipline of bioinformatics has evolved, the areas of research in which it is used have split into a number of fields including genomics, proteomics, systematics (Bull et al., 2000). Various methods of modelling cell behaviour and using data to research and develop new types of anti-microbial drugs and other agents are also a significant topic (Bansal, 2005). In the next sections each of these fields along with their impact on microbiology will be discussed. Genomics involves the analysis of all the expressed and non-expressed genes otherwise known as the genome, of an organism. Genomics data is generated via sequencing of genomes. Aspects of this data can then be analysed via bioinformatic methods allowing insights into which genes are expressed and prediction of gene location and function (Perez-Iratxeta et al., 2007), some applications of this knowledge include the development of antimicrobial agents and/or drugs and optimising production by microbes that are used in industry. Comparative genomics is where two genomes are sequenced and compared with each other whereas metagenomics involves the comparison of the genomes of a community of bacteria and thus is of use in microbial ecology studies. An example of the manner in which bioinformatics has affected microbiological research in particular, can be seen in the method known as shotgun sequencing that was invented to carry out the first whole genome sequencing of a bacterial strain, n amely H. influenzae Rd (Fleischmann et al., 1995). In brief, this method involves random fragmentation of the chromosome in to small sections of DNA that are then sequenced and assembled. The assembly of the contiguous DNA fragments is carried out via the use of various software programs such as Autoassembler (Fleischmann et al., 1995). This method was much more rapid than previous sequencing methods which lacked this semi-automation. The ability of techniques such as this to be partially carried out in silico has allowed the sequencing of 1049 more bacterial genomes since 1995 according to the Genomes online database (GOLD). The further integration of computational methods and genomics has enabled the development of new high throughput methods such as pyrosequencing (Tettelin Feldblyum, 2009), which serve to increase the speed and volume in which new genomes are sequenced. Informatics is then used to carry out the task of analysing this vast amount of data. Nucleotide sequences ar e uploaded onto databases such as EMBL, DDBJ or GenBank which now had over ten billion nucleotides of sequence data in 2001, (Roos, 2001) and has still been growing at an exponential rate. Programs that enable analysis of this data include those that are based on Hidden Markov Model statistics such as GLIMMER(Gene Locator and Interpolated Markov ModellER),(Tettelin Feldblyum, 2009). These programs have the ability to predict open reading frames (ORFs) in nucleotide sequences, i.e. protein coding regions on mRNA, by locating conserved regions of sequences. Automated search programs generally search for features such as a start and a triplet of stop codons, as well as accounting for codon bias-where in a particular organism there will be a bias for a certain codon when coding for certain amino acids- Guanine-Cytosine content is also a considered factor since a GC content of more that 50% on a sequence can indicate an ORF large enough to potentially encode a functional gene (Zavala et al., 2005). Comparative genomics is a method that allows confirmation of functionality of predicted ORFs (Chakravarti et al., 2000). It involves carrying out a search for similarities between the predicted ORF and other sequenced and annotated genes on an online database, if a result showing high similarity is attained it is likely that the two sequences are homologous, meaning they are evolutionarily linked and potentially have a similar function. Software tools such as BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) and FASTA allow rapid searches of these online databases to be carried out (Chakravarti et al., 2000). These programs can be used to search for protein-protein, nucleotide-nucleotide, protein-translated nucleotide as well as various other alignments. Alignments that can be searched for can be classified as local or global, which are short sections between sequences that are highly similar or the best alignment between entire sequences, these programmes can also accommodate insertions, deletions, substitutions and deletions in sequences when aligning them. However there are also various drawbacks involved with these methods; including the fact that genes can be incorrectly annotated on databases, or homologous genes may simply have not been sequenced and uploaded yet. In these cases wet-lab analysis must be carried out for identification and annotation of potential genes. These methods can include inactivation of a predicted gene and testing whether there is any change in the phenotype of the cell. An example of the use of genomics in the analysis of pathogenic bacteria is the comparative analysis that was carried out of the genome sequences of three Bordetella strains, namely; B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica (Parkhill et al., 2003). In this study, the genomes of the three pathogens were sequenced and compared. When comparing the operons of the three strains it was found that only the operon of B. bronchiseptica -the most virulent of the three strains- was fully operational and not containing and pseudogenes or mutations. Proteomics involves the study of proteins and involves aspects such as modelling, visualisation and comparison of proteins to determine their structures, interactions functions and investigate the levels of protein synthesis and gene expression (Cash, 2000) The area of proteomics is key in the research of microbial pathogenesis (Cash, 2003) which is enabled by a range of powerful analysis and protein modelling software as well as expansive proteomic databases. The proteome is all the proteins encoded by the genome of a particular strain (Cash, 2000). Similarly to genomics, there are a variety of proteome databases that all have slight differences, however Prosite, Swiss-Prot and TrEMBL are three of the largest ones (Biron et al., 2006), also, the universal protein database UniProt is an attempt to combine various databases in one (Bairoch et al., 2004). These databases include basic data on the proteins such as their sequence and taxonomic (their source organism) information, as well as details of their function, their various domains, sites (binding sites etc.), of any modifications they undergo post-translation, sequence homology to other proteins and their 3D structure (Bairoch Apweiler, 2000). A proteins structure can be useful for predicting its function. One example where protein structure was used to produce vaccines was the study carried out by Bian et al. where a modelling program known as TEPITOPE was used to identify antigenic epitopes which need to be recognised by T-cells in order to carry out immune response (Bian et al., 2003). Bacterial systematics is another area on which computational techniques have had a significant impact. It has allowed analysis of bacterial evolution, interaction and development within a community or ecosystem (Dawyndt Dedeurwaerdere, 2007). This knowledge can then be applied to areas such as ecological and industrial research. An example of where computer assisted bacterial systematics has been used in industrial microbiology is referred to by Zhu and others, where various methods of improving the productivity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were explored (Zhu et al., 2009). One particular study involved the study of the interactions between two LAB strains: S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus with the use of various bioinformatic methods. This study revealed that the presence of one strain in a medium would be advantageous for the other strain due to the gaining of amino acids and purine via various interactions. The examples given here represent only a small sample of the major impact computational/bioinformatic methods have had on all areas of microbiological research. It is likely that bioinformatics will continue to grow in importance and relevance to the field of microbiology in the future with the development of better software tools and improvement and growth of online databases. Altman, R. (1998). Bioinformatics in support of molecular medicine. Proc AMIA Symp, 53-61. Bairoch, A. Apweiler, R. (2000). The SWISS-PROT protein sequence database and its supplement TrEMBL in 2000. Nucleic Acids Res 28, 45-48. Bairoch, A., Boeckmann, B., Ferro, S. Gasteiger, E. (2004). Swiss-Prot: juggling between evolution and stability. Brief Bioinform 5, 39-55. Bansal, A. (2005). Bioinformatics in microbial biotechnologya mini review. Microb Cell Fact 4, 19. Bian, H., Reidhaar-Olson, J. Hammer, J. (2003). The use of bioinformatics for identifying class II-restricted T-cell epitopes. Methods 29, 299-309. Biron, D., Brun, C., Lefevre, T., Lebarbenchon, C., Loxdale, H., Chevenet, F., Brizard, J. Thomas, F. (2006). The pitfalls of proteomics experiments without the correct use of bioinformatics tools. Proteomics 6, 5577-5596. Bull, A., Ward, A. Goodfellow, M. (2000). Search and discovery strategies for biotechnology: the paradigm shift. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64, 573-606. Cash, P. (2000). Proteomics in medical microbiology. Electrophoresis 21, 1187-1201. Cash, P. (2003). Proteomics of bacterial pathogens. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 83, 93-115. Chakravarti, D. N., Fiske, M. J., Fletcher, L. D. Zagursky, R. J. (2000). Application of genomics and proteomics for identification of bacterial gene products as potential vaccine candidates. Vaccine 19, 601-612. Dawyndt, P. Dedeurwaerdere, T. (2007). Exploring and exploiting microbiological commons: contributions of bioinformatics and intellectual property rights in sharing biological information. Int Soc Sci J. Fleischmann, R., Adams, M., White, O. other authors (1995). Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science 269, 496-512. Parkhill, J., Sebaihia, M., Preston, A. other authors (2003). Comparative analysis of the genome sequences of Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Nat Genet 35, 32-40. Perez-Iratxeta, C., Andrade-Navarro, M. A. Wren, J. D. (2007). Evolving research trends in bioinformatics. Brief Bioinform 8, 88-95. Roos, D. (2001). Computational biology. Bioinformaticstrying to swim in a sea of data. Science 291, 1260-1261. Smith, T. (1990). The history of the genetic sequence databases. Genomics 6, 701-707. Tettelin, H. Feldblyum, T. (2009). Bacterial genome sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 551, 231-247. Zavala, A., Naya, H., Romero, H., Sabbia, V., Piovani, R. Musto, H. (2005). Genomic GC content prediction in prokaryotes from a sample of genes. Gene 357, 137-143. Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y. Li, Y. (2009). Understanding the industrial application potential of lactic acid bacteria through genomics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 83, 597-610.

Developement Of Computers :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no noun with the ability to represent modern life other than computer. Whether the effect is negative or positive, computers control nearly every aspect of our everyday life. Computers have evolved from bearing the role of strictly computing to having the ability of completing unthinkable tasks. Supermarket scanners calculate our grocery bill while keeping store inventory; computerized telephone switching centers play traffic cop to millions of calls and keep lines of communication untangled; and ATM’s let us conduct banking transactions form virtually anywhere in the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Around five thousand years ago in Asia , a simple machine called the Abacus , bearing a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack such as ones found in a pool hall may be considered the first computer. Merchants used the Abacus to record their barter transactions. Its popularity began to fall when the use of paper and pencil spread particularly throughout Europe, its importance diminished.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Computers were looked at as a way to simplify large workloads into discreet tasks. The United States census of 1880 took seven years to tally. The fear of later censuses taking an even more absurd amount of time to count, the bureau turned to technology. An American inventor also applied the concept to computing. He fed cards storing data into a machine compiling the results instinctively. Punched holes in the cards would represent letters and number, a single hole depicted a number, while a combination of two holes portrayed a letter. This allowed the census results in six weeks. Not only did the machine remarkably decrease the amount of time the census took, but also the cards used represented stored memory of the census and reduced computational errors. It found its way into the business world founding Tabulating Machine Company in 1896, which later became International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924. After this point in history the evolution of the computer is began to become an increased desired area of interest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first major interest began with the onset of World War II. A German engineer developed a computer to design airplanes and missiles. The British were also in the race of enhancing computer technology. They completed a secret code-breaking computer used to decode German messages. The existence of the machine was not uncovered until decades after the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first all-electronic calculator was design by a Harvard engineer in 1944 who was working with IBM. The calculator was about the size of one half a football field and consisted of 500 miles of writing. It was called the Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator.

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although she won much respect as the first lady Eleanor Roosevelt gained a lot of her international esteem as a civil rights activist long before that. Eleanor’s interest in politics did not begin when her husband began his career in politics. Once he was named to the Democratic ticket, as Vice President Eleanor became interested in politics. While Franklin was becoming governor of New York she was campaigning for him unknowing that she was advancing her political career as well. Once Eleanor became first lady it was already done she had made a name for herself politically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eleanor’s background in politics goes back to her Uncle Teddy who was once the President of the U.S. Eleanor married a young amiable Harvard student by the name of Franklin Roosevelt. But soon Franklin became bored with Business Law and Eleanor pushed him to go into politics. Aided by a Democratic landslide and his mom’s money he won State Senator from the Hyde Park District. But Eleanor hated Albany and was soon very happy to leave. Franklin liked his newfound success in politics and his career prospered swiftly. He soon became an early backer of Woodrow Wilson as he ran for president, for his efforts he was awarded the job of Assistant Secretary of the Navy, the same job that propelled Eleanor’s Uncle Teddy to presidency. Eleanor liked Washington about as much as she liked Albany and spent little time there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the years after that Franklin contacted polio and it was now up to Eleanor to keep his name before the public. Aided by Louis Howe she went on a mission to salvage her husband’s career. Louis went to meetings that she spoke at and though it took much criticism he managed to get rid of her nervous giggle. Soon Eleanor gained confidence and accepted offers to write in magazines and appear on radio talk shows. She had joined many groups including the Women’s Trade Union League and was also the chair of the Finance Committee of the Women’s Division of the Democratic State Committee. She was fast becoming a prominent public figure, much to her amazement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1928 at the Democratic National Convention Governor Al Smith asked Eleanor to run the entire national Women’s activities in his national campaign for president. Smith soon requested more as he asked Fra... .... (UDHR50)†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clearly Eleanor Roosevelt had a well-known political career without the fame her husband gained. When her husband started out in politics she disliked it but the more she was exposed she soon realized her role was to be useful and politics was the key to this. Her husband Franklin saw her as a great asset to his career and she also made a name for herself that lived on after he died. Works Cited â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt†, Eleanor Roosevelt Letter, March, 1996, National   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Archives and Records Administration, 21 November 2000,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Eleanor on Human Rights†, Eleanor Roosevelt Biography, August, 05 1998,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  National Coordinating Committee for UDHR50, 18 November 2000,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Roosevelt, Eleanor, This I Remember, ed., New York, Harper, 1949. Weinstein, Allen, and Frank Otto Gattell, Freedom and Crisis:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An American History, 3rd ed., New York, Random, 1981.

Hamlet Essay -- essays papers

Hamlet William Shakespeare composed the play Hamlet, around 1600-1601. This play, named after his only son, in my opinion is one of Shakespeare’s best works. The play shows the literal as well as the realistic sides of people during this culture as well as those generations to come. During the play, Hamlet’s character went through several different transitions. In the beginning he was shown as a child, by his actions and curiosity, but towards the end of play his manhood begins surface and he begins to be aggressive at getting what he wants. Hamlet is full of mysterious relationships. Hamlets relationship with his so called friends (Rosencrantz and Guildenstern), his relationship with Ophelia (he proclaims his love at the end) and certainly his relationship with his father/uncle Claudius are all very mysterious in how they’re played out through their characters in the play. The relationship that stood out in my mind was the one between Hamlet and his mother Gertrude. Although Gertrude is the person that Hamlet has the most inner conflict with, he still loves his mother as most children do. As a mother figure, Gertrude is supposed to be the perfect one- with out any impurities or errors. When Hamlet realizes that his mother is a flawed, sinful women, who’s sexual appetite is so deviant she takes on her brother in-law, Hamlets whole view changes. How could the women who just buried her husband become a blushing bride so rapidly? After Hamlet contemplates all of this, how can he trust any woman when his own mother betrayed his father? When Hamlet has thoughts of his mother he is affected both emotionally and psychologically. He is affected emotionally because it is his mother, his own blood that is apart of the ... ... he over re-acts and the ghost of his father appears to remind him of why he was there. Gertrude senses Hamlets anger after he kills Polonius and asked what have I done? Hamlets reply was one full of grief, anxiety and anger. He begins to tell his mother of what he knows and what he expects from her. Not to share her bed with Claudius as well as take part in any more corruption. Gertrude then begins to see that her son is not mad with sickness, but is more mad with anger over her stupidity. Hamlet has let his mother become his main role model for all women in the world and that is why he is so negative towards women. Gertrude has influenced Hamlet more then anyone in the play. Although the influence is negative, it has made Hamlet look at other sides of people and take them for what they are. He has a better out look on life even though it has cost him greatly.

Critical thinking process Essay

Critical thinking often involves the creation of alternative plans, solutions, approaches, etc. , then comparing original with the alternatives. Creative thinking requires some critical evaluation during and after the creative phase. Critical thinking depends upon that little known and seldom discussed characteristic of the human nervous system—self-reflexiveness. Usually it also depends upon that remarkable human creation and tool—self reflexive language. Humans not only know about their environment, they know that they know; they can think about how they think, evaluate their evaluations. Languages, too, have this self-reflexive characteristic. They enable us to talk about talk, to make statements about statements, to write books about writing books. The self-reflexiveness of language and the human nervous system provide us with an open minded system: we can make statements about statements, indefinitely; we can react to our reactions to our reactions indefinitely. At no point can we say, â€Å"That’s the last word on the subject† or, â€Å"No further reaction is possible† (since, in doing so, we have said more, reacted further). However, believing that we have said the last word may cut of the self-reflexive process. This open ended, self reflexive system makes it possible for us to conduct scientific research, write poetry, plan enterprises, spin out complex tales of fiction—or spread rumours, spin webs of delusion and talk ourselves into insanity or war. Which we will do depends in part upon our motivation, but also upon our understanding of the thinking process and some aspects of the working of the nervous system. General semantics provides a meta-linguistic or ‘second order’ approach to critical thinking. It enables us to use self-reflexiveness systematically to monitor on-going evaluations. The principles and devices it provides call attention to either-or and ‘allness’ statements, to inferences treated as facts, to overgeneralizations, to statements unrestricted in time, to overly-simple statements of causality, etc. The tools work, whatever the order of abstraction, whatever the source of the statement (Johnson, 1991). How language empowers or limits the expression of our thoughts. Along with most of his contemporaries, Blair defines language in terms of a relationship between signs and thoughts: â€Å"Language †¦ signifies the expression of our ideas by certain articulate sounds, which are used as the signs of those ideas† (cited 1:98). Elaborating on this interdependence, he asserts that â€Å"when we are employed†¦ in the study of composition, we are cultivating reason itself. True rhetoric and sound logic are very nearly allied. The study of arranging and expressing our thoughts with propriety, teaches to think, as well as to speak, accurately†¦ so close is the connection between thought and the words in which they are clothed† (Ulman, 1994). Language can empowers and limit the expression of our thoughts. Talking about something that reinforces it, therefore say what you want to be true. Language has power, and by knowing this, you can select words that allow others to hear and understand you. Certain words provide a way of maintaining the focus of what you want. They can assist you to be in the state of mind that you desire. Looking for positive language patterns, gives your brain the opportunity to find alternative ways expressing your experiences to yourself and others. These tools get you off automatic pilot and in control. Having choice means you can regulate how an experience will affect you. You can choose to use your old patterns of expression which produces certain results, or use empowering language to give you different results. Now it can be you who decides. Labels limit is another concept that we’re dealing with here. When we label something or someone, we put a meaning on it that can limit our awareness, experience, and understanding. Labels are a form of beliefs, and like all beliefs, they filter our perceptions. Our beliefs only allow us to be conscious of things that are in agreement with them, and we unconsciously filter everything else. It can be tremendous evidence of the opposite to penetrate the belief filters. But with negative labels, the effects can be very destructive (Kaufman, 1998). The role of critical thinking in persuasion. What is the value of critical thinking? When someone else writes or speaks a peace of reasoning, they are trying to persuade us of something. Persuasion is an attempt to get us to believe something. People want us to believe things so that we will act in certain ways. Action requires some effort. There are choices involved. We could be doing something else. Because of this, it is very useful to be able to evaluate reasoning, for some pieces of reasoning should be accepted while others should not be accepted. If persuasion occurs in advertising, we could be doing many other things with our money. Take buying a car, for example. A lot of money can be involved, so what kind of car to buy can be a pretty big decision. Whether to marry a certain person or which of a couple of job offers to take are still bigger decisions. Almost every reader will eventually get some serious illness. There may be several different treatments available. One’s comfort, health, even ones life may depend on the decision as to which treatment to undertake. To make these decisions well, we will need to gather our own reasons to support various alternative conclusions. At that time, we could make an irrational decision, or a sheep like decision to follow some other person’s advice. The values of critical thinking, specifically how to recognize and evaluate reasoning, are the following: †¢ It help us arrive at true conclusions and therefore †¢ it increases our knowledge. †¢ It should help us make better decisions. †¢ It should help us persuade others and †¢ explain truth to them. †¢ Contribute to a happier life (Cogan, 1998). References Johnson, K. G. (1991). Thinking creatically: a systematic, interdisciplinary approach to creative-critical thinking. Englewood: Institute of General Semantics. Kaufman, R. A. (1998). Anatomy of Success. New York: Ronald A Kaufman. Robert Cogan. (1998). Critical thinking: step by step. Boston: University Press of America. Ulman, H. L. (1994). Things, thoughts, words, and actions: the problem of language in late eighteenth-century British rhetorical theory. New York: SIU Press.

Biography of Narendra Modi: A Political Phenomenon Essay

Narendra Damodardas Modi, popularly known as Narendra Modi is the current Chief Minister of the state of Gujarat and the BJP’s Prime Ministerial candidate for the 2014 general elections. He was selected by L.K Advani, the leader of the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) in 2001 to give a direction to the election campaign in Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Mr. Modi was elected as Chief Minister of Gujarat on October 7th, 2001 and is the longest serving Chief Minister of the state. In the 2012 Gujarat legislative assembly election he won his fourth constituency term as the Chief Minister of Gujarat. A career that started as an errand runner for the RSS (Hindu Right wing group) is now perhaps on the way to reaching its zenith. Yes, Mr. Narendra Damodardas Modi has walked quite a distance wearing unflinching confidence on his sleeves. The Gujarat Chief Minister and BJP’s Prime Ministerial candidate is a fascinating case study as the man opens up equal number of avenues for his critics as well as admirers. The man is admired for his economic policies and growth scenario in Gujarat, but he also bears flak for the dismal state of the Human Development Index in Gujarat. As the pendulum of the verdict sways to and fro for him, let’s have a deeper look into Narendra Modi’s biography. Humble Beginnings The idea of struggle was never very distant for Modi. He used to run a tea stall till the time RSS inducted him as a full-time member. With whatever minimal training he received from the party’s associates, he surged ahead and exhibited enough capability to be given the charge of the ABVP (the student wing of RSS). His diligence and dedication towards the party hardly ebbed despite the fact that he was simultaneously pursuing a Master’s degree in Political Science. This ‘average student’ from Vadnagar tutored himself to take greater steps on a national level. Family Although there isn’t enough about Modi’s personal life in the public domain,  the political discourse sometimes throws up bits of facts and stories. He was born into a middle class family of six in Vadnagar in Mehsana District (then Bombay state) to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and Heeradben Modi. He was bethrothed when quite young, but chose to walk away from the marriage and has remained a bachelor. Early days in Politics Narendra Modi was drawn to politics in his early teens and was a member of Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (RSS). During the 1960’s India-Pakistan war, even though he was only a young boy, he volunteered to serve soldiers traveling through railway stations. As a youth, he became a member of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, a student body involved in anti-corruption. After having worked full time with them, he was then nominated as its representative in the BJP. Modi was also a campaigner in the RSS during his years in college and took on the task of encouraging the party members. Partnering with Shankersingh Vaghela, Modi began a strong cadre base in Gujarat. Narendra Modi has come from a humble background and is known for his simple lifestyle. He has a reputation of being a workaholic and introvert. Mr. Modi has tried to change his image from that of a Hindu Nationalist politician to that of a sincere administrator. The party began getting political attention and formed a coalition government in April 1990. After this, the BJP came to power in Gujarat in 1995. During this period, Modi was responsible for the Somnath to Ayodhya Rath Yatra and a similar trek from Kanyakumari in Southern India all the way up to Kashmir in the north. A careful observation of his rise to the national podium would evince how he remained glued to his fundamentals – continuing agitations during the nationwide Emergency, organizing Murli Manohar Joshi’s Ekta yatra (journey for unity), and impressing everyone with electoral strategy ahead of the 1995 state elections. As BJP tasted victory, Modi relished his newly ordained post of the party’s General Secretary. The workaholic and loyal ‘sevak’ moved to New Delhi to take up the new responsibility of managing the  party’s activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Three summers whizzed past and Modi already had the post of National Secretary of the BJP under his kitty. First Stint as Chief Minister of Gujarat Times were turbulent in Gujarat with allegations of corruption and poor governance doing the rounds. After Shankarsingh Vaghela left the BJP, Keshubhai Patel was made Chief Minister of Gujarat and Modi became General Secretary of the party in Delhi. Weak handling of the effects of the Bhuj Earthquake in 2001 prompted the BJP’s national leaders to seek a new candidate as chief minister, after the removal of Keshubhai Patel. In October 2001, Modi was brought in to fill the vacuum and made Chief Minister of Gujarat despite his lack of experience in governance. Initially, the BJP was not very keen on having him at the forefront and the party was contemplating the position of deputy CM for him, which he refused. He wrote to Advani, and the then Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, stating that he was either â€Å"going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all†. In July 2007, he became the longest-serving Chief Minister in Gujarat’s political history. In the Gujarat legislative assembly elections of 2012, Narendra Modi won the constituency of Maninagar over the Indian National Congress, with a majority of 86,373 votes. The BJP won 115 out of the 182 seats and formed its government in Gujarat. This was Narendra Modi’s fourth term as the Chief Minister. The following year in March, he was appointed as member to the BJP Parliamentary Board which is the highest decision-making body of the party. He was also nominated as a member of the party’s Central Election Committee. Taking Tough Calls His rift with the VHP started to show after his much-criticized decision of demolishing 200 illegal temples in Gandhinagar. This was just the trailer. Modi was also vocal about PM Manmohan Singh’s reluctance to revive anti-terror laws. He called for invoking tougher laws in states following  the 2006 Mumbai blasts. Time and again, he has judiciously chosen issues to pontificate and attack the central government. In the wake of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Modi brought up the issue of security along Gujarat’s coast. The UPA government acted upon this immediately and sanctioned construction of 30 high-speed surveillance boats. Recently, he came down heavily on the Central government for its weak approach towards Chinese incursions in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh and infiltration by Bangladeshis on the Indo-Bangladesh border. Criticisms The Modi government came under bitter criticism following the 2002 Gujarat riots that betrayed the prevailing communal harmony within the state. Investigations were ordered into alleged abetment of crime. Modi’s image suffered a quake as a common consensus was established that pointed fingers at the chief minister for allowing communal violence in the state. Some demanded his prosecution for promoting enmity among different communities during the riots. His way of functioning has also been the topic of much debate in the political arena with commentators and subject-matter experts lambasting him for carrying the DNA of fascist leadership. His critics call him a self-centered autocrat who doesn’t care a hoot about the BJP. The Gujarat chief minister finds himself in the bad books of analysts as he is also accused of twisting facts to suit political motives on more than one occasion. In June 2013, when Narendra Modi’s was appointed as the chairman of the national campaign committee, L K Advani submitted his resignation escalating his objection against Modi’s appointment. But the BJP leadership remained rigid on its choice to put Modi in front of 2014 campaign. A self-made man Besides being a revered orator and a prolific writer, he is also a caring son and a man with his brand of humour. Those who have associated with him for long are of the opinion that the idea of power is exciting to him. Next time you wonder how he could garner so much of national attention, think of this. He underwent a rigorous training in the US on public relations and image  management. When it comes to taking lessons on brand building, Modi says there’s no greater inspiration than Mahatma Gandhi. His eulogies about Gandhi come from the fact that â€Å"He spoke of Ahimsa but carried a stick. He never wore a cap but the world wears a Gandhi Topi.† Modi’s careful metamorphosis from a Hindutva party man to a pro-development leader and change maker speaks volumes for his image-building ability. His 2-year long escapade into the Himalayas and co-mingling with the yogic sadhus gave him a fair understanding of Hinduism. That partly explains why people listen to him in rapt attention when he talks of ideologies. Face of Development – Favorite among the leaders of India Inc. Modi frequently refers to his P2G2 (Pro-people good governance) formula to substantiate his claims on holistic development. Some observers are of the opinion that Gujarat has been able to improve its agricultural output despite being a semi-arid state. The credit is given to the Gujarat government’s measures to scale up groundwater projects and initiatives to increase the use of micro-irrigation. India Inc. is almost unanimous in their verdict. They want Narendra Modi as the next PM. Reason? They seek a strong leadership that has a clear roadmap and actionable plans ready for execution. Indian business leaders from Ratan Tata to Mukesh Ambani seem to be convinced that for India to come out of its Gross Domestic Paralysis, a visionary and decisive leadership is essential. Empirical evidence suggests that Gujarat has been able to position itself as a lucrative destination for investment. Under his aegis, according to a political commentator, the level of corruption receded and technology parks have seen the light of the day. His iconic call for â€Å"Minimum Government and Maximum Governance† has frequently struck the chord with the masses. With so many brand images of Narendra Modi existing in a juxtaposed manner, it is to be seen which one suits his greater agenda and helps him in the upcoming Lok Sabha polls.

Darkest Sins and Heavenly Shows: the Nature of Iago’s Villainy in Shakespear’s Hamlet

William Shakespeare’s Othello is a classic work of tragedy named after its protagonist. It is a compelling piece of literature due to the intentions and subsequent actions of not the noble Moor but of his ensign or ancient. The character of Iago is responsible for the conflict within the story. He is villain who manipulates the other characters by assessing and exploiting their weaknesses with complete lack of conscience, and he accomplishes this trickery by employing clever use of language.His methods consist of taking advantage of Roderigo’s feelings towards Desdemona – Othello’s lover – and using the trust that Cassio and Othello have for him against them, and he does it to great effect. As previously stated, Othello is not the only character in this play with feelings for Desdemona. Roderigo is a Venetian gentleman who has long pined for her affections, even going as far to pay Iago to assist him in winning her heart. Unfortunately for Roderigo, Iago does not have his best interests in mind, stating â€Å"Thus do I ever make my fool my purse.For I mine own gained knowledge should profane if I would time expend with such a snipe but for my sport and profit† (1. 3. 382-385). Based on this admission, one must concede that Iago is aiding Roderigo purely to satisfy his own desires. Another display of Iago’s manipulative villainy can be found in Act 2 when he makes Roderigo believe that Cassio would be next in line to win Desdemona’s love if her and Othello were no longer married as he witnessed the two holding each other’s hand (2. 1. 251-252).He goes on to suggest that Roderigo provoke Cassio in some way (2. 1. 264-268) which results in Cassio’s loss of rank and ultimate disgrace. In essence, this diabolical act stems from Iago’s jealousy toward Cassio. In fact, it could be argued that Iago hates Cassio almost as much as he hates Othello for passing on him and promoting Cassio to the r ank of lieutenant (1. 1. 7-32). Cassio trusts Iago, and the scoundrel uses that trust and his reputation as an honest man to cause the good lieutenant to fall from grace.For instance, Iago pressures Cassio to have another drink while socializing with the other officers, which puts him in a vulnerable state(2. 3. 26-29). A combination of Roderigo’s provocation and Cassio’s uncharacteristic ill temperament leads to the incident which results in the lieutenant’s embarrassment and loss of title. Putting his trust in Iago once again, he accepts the mischief-maker’s advice to speak with Desdemona, hoping that she can sway Othello to change his mind.This, of course, is part of Iago’s plan to make it appear that the two are having an affair. In a famous line from the text, Iago whispers to the audience â€Å"when devils will the blackest sins put on they do suggest with heavenly shows as I do now (2. 3. 346-348). In doing so, he plans to â€Å"pour pesti lence into his ear† (2. 3. 351). This course of action causes Othello to further doubt not only Cassio but Desdemona as well, helping Iago achieve his principal goal of destroying Othello by ruining his marriage and removing the influence of his true friends.Lastly and most importantly, Othello is a character who pays more dearly for Iago’s villainous deeds than any other. Being a military man in a strange land, he often feels isolated and insecure, seeking the counsel of Iago, a fellow soldier who he trusts above all others. Othello declares Iago to be very truthful, saying â€Å"O brave Iago, honest and just, thou has a noble sense of thy friend’s wrong† (5. 1. 31-33). Meanwhile, Iago relishes the thought of manipulating his superior, declaring â€Å"Make the Moor thank me, love me, and reward me for making him egregiously an ass† (2. . 317-320). Iago then continues his plot by influencing Othello to doubt Desdemona’s loyalty by making him believe that his race played a part in her alleged infidelity. He does this by saying â€Å"The did deceive her father, marrying you, and when she seemed to shake and fear your looks she loved them most† (3. 3. 207-209). His reference to her face being â€Å"begrimed and black† as his own (3. 3. 390-391) suggest that he hates himself somewhat for being black. He also refers to their unnatural marriage as â€Å"nature erring from itself† (3. 3. 229).Iago then replies by saying that she refused other suitors of her â€Å"own clime, complexion, and degree†, which is a subtle implication that Othello is not on the same human level as the other Venetian men. This evidence makes the possibility of Desdemona’s infidelity more credible upon the discovery of the handkerchief – the symbol of her fidelity or lack thereof in Othello’s eyes – which solidifies Othello’s belief that his wife has been untrue. To conclude, the nature of Iago’s villainy in Shakespeare’s Othello is that of pure manipulation, brought about by masterful use of wit, language, and â€Å"heavenly shows†.The most remarkable aspect of his villainy was that he was able to accomplish so much without physically having to do anything, using people as pawns to exact his sadistic revenge. He remains defiant until the very end, refusing to explain himself, remarking â€Å"Demand me nothing. What you know you know† (5. 2. 300). Although the other characters, and the audience, are flabbergasted by such refusal, it seems like fitting conclusion for such a character, toying with people’s minds and emotions even in the face of death.

Ebola Newspaper Article comparison

I have chosen two newspaper articles from the Courier Mall and the New York Times which express their very contrasting opinions about the Bola epidemic currently happening in West Africa, one saying Bola Is out of control about and the there saying Bola Is nothing to worry about. The first article titled Bola vellums' bodies left to rot in the street as crawls worsens and has many examples of language features throughout the article. The Journalist has used emotive language towards the Bola virus which Is almost entirely negative.Examples of this would be words such as â€Å"crisis worsens† In the heading, â€Å"a country struggling to cope with the deadly virus† and â€Å"fear for their own health†. By using such negative and emotive language the journalist can position the audience to feel the same way as the people in Africa do I. . Make them feel scared and fear the Bola virus. Another example of language features used in article 1 is word play-at the end of the news article it is written â€Å"The WHO has convened a special summit of international experts in Geneva to determine if the outbreak constitutes a â€Å"public health emergency of international concern. If so, WHO will recommend temporary measures to reduce the international spread of the disease. † What the journalist is basically trying to say is that the WHO or World Health Organization is doing nothing about the Bola breakout in Africa and he is asking ho will take measures to stop the disease. This word play is used to again make the reader feel scared because it means that the Bola virus may be an international threat if the Who approves it.The Journalist has chosen certain visuals which can influence the audience's perspectives on the Bola virus. By using an image of an Bola victim lying dead on the ground the Journalist can do an effective job of positioning the reader to feel disgusted with the virus and also make them feel horrified. The Journalist has not on ly used this picture of the body because of what's In the foreground but also because what can be seen in the background Including children looking at the corpse and people running away from the body.The children looking at the victim's body simply adds the disgust and horrified emotion that the reader Is already experiencing and the people fleeing away from the body Is Implying that they are scared of and fear the virus which makes the reader feel the same way. The journalist who wrote the second article titled Why Bola Is nothing to worry about has shown many uses of language features In his writing. First he has used motive language in a positive way to position the reader to agree with the title.He does this by using facts and words Like â€Å"unlikely to spread†, â€Å"let's worry less† and â€Å"vanishingly unlikely to break out†. The Journalist has purposely used these words to position the reader to worry less about Bola and think on the bright side. Ano ther Language feature used in the news article Is Sarcasm. In the first line the Journalist has written â€Å"We're now witnessing the worst Bola epidemic ever -? and on your list that Bola is something to worry about. This makes the reader think that the idea of Bola being out of control is a Joke and that it is nothing to worry about.The last language feature used in the news article is In the second news article it can be seen that the Journalist has chosen a picture which he believes will also position the reader to feel a certain way. He has chosen a picture a Doctor who worked in West Africa and contracted the virus and survived. It can be seen in the picture that Dry. Kent Vibrantly has a stern or angry look on his face. This tells the audience that Bola is nothing to worry about because if a doctor can contract Bola and survive then it is to as serious as it has been thought.

Literature Review - Low Self-Control, Gender, and Perscription Essay

Literature Review - Low Self-Control, Gender, and Perscription Painkiller Abuse - Essay Example In many cases other prescription drugs such as psychotropic medications, narcotic analgesics, and even non-narcotic analgesics are also substances of abuse. Wide accessibility of analgesics over the counter and without prescription has led to a situation where these drugs are very commonly abused and often unnoticed, mainly due to cultural attitudinal tolerance. This points to the fact that no matter how great the prevailing degree of cultural attitudinal tolerance for addictive practices is, or how strong individual personality predispositions are, nobody can become addicted to these drugs without access to them. The crucial and determinative predisposing factor, which, therefore, constitutes the most acceptable basis for the nosological categorizing of these analgesic addicts, is the possession of those idiosyncratic or developmental personality traits for which these drugs could have adjustive properties. Chief among these effects is euphoria, which is highly adjustive for inadequ ate personalities, that is, motivationally immature individuals lacking in such criteria of ego maturity as long-range goals, a sense of responsibility, self-reliance and initiative, volitional and executive independence, frustration tolerance, and the ability to defer the gratification of immediate hedonistic needs for the sake of achieving long-term goals. Studies have uncovered in the life histories of such addicts, overpermissive or underdominating, overprotecting, and overdominating parents that tend to foster the development of the inadequate personality syndrome. Psychosocial and psychopharmacological research has pointed to several factors that may predispose to such addictions in suitably vulnerable population, and in this review, several relevant articles will be critically reviewed in order to update knowledge and evidence in this area of study. Recent literature in this area of study has been selected and

Accessible Virtual Classroom For Visually Impaired Students Literature review

Accessible Virtual Classroom For Visually Impaired Students - Literature review Example It is easy to see why the concept of a virtual classroom appeals to a lot of people. It’s usually much cheaper than the regular schooling system and provides much more flexibility when it comes to learning and applying the knowledge. A common complaint levied against the traditional schooling system is that the students have no flexibility in following the curriculum, ie, all students are expected to follow at the same pace as that set by the teacher. However, each student has his or her own learning style and speed, which is especially marked for students who are at the either extreme of the IQ spectrum. Virtual classrooms remove this restriction by letting each student access and process the information according to their unique customized rate. Also, every pupil receives a fair amount of individual attention, which is not possible in a traditional classroom environment. The concept of a virtual classroom is also valuable to people who are in geographically or economically inaccessible parts of the world. It might not be possible to have a school for a community of a few people that are perched in a mountainous area or a desert region. Further, students who are physically disabled such as paraplegics or the mentally challenged can often still experience a conventional education as part of a virtual classroom setup. It is also seen that virtual classrooms are becoming popular for higher education purposes – where this was initially developed.... However, the purpose of this paper is to explore and study if these classrooms are also tailored to meet the demands of the visually challenged population. The visually impaired are traditionally at a disadvantage when it comes to computers and online resources such as the internet – because the mode of data transfer in these media is through sight. If this handicap can be overcome, online classes can be a great resource for the blind as they can empower themselves through the wealth of online educational resources available. Much is yet to done, but several important progresses have already been achieved to this extent. Tactile and Haptic devices have made great inroads into the education of the blind. It needs to be explored in greater detail how several of the successful virtual classrooms have addressed the specific needs of this community. Virtual classrooms are a multimodal information transfer environment. It combines the features of a web conference and video – audio conference. The device applications and multimodal sensitivity are the results of the combined benefits of several web applications such as email, chat, screen sharing, polling, web conference rooms, video – audio chats, telephone conference and so on. Before the question of the usability of virtual classrooms for the visually impaired in analyzed, it would be instrumental to analyze the specific features of a virtually information transfer environment. This is attempted in the next section where each of these features are considered in some detail. Features of a Virtual Classroom The following are the key features of a virtual classroom. 1) Real time audio and video Real time audio and

Flextime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Flextime - Research Paper Example The firm investment criteria is guided by the existence of strong management, reasonable growth prospects, diversified customer base, sustainable competitive advantage, leading market share and attractive cash flow characteristics. The current investments include Ellery homestyles, Northstar seafood, Getichealth, Advanced discovery, Pelican water systems, Wise Company, Onepath systems and Northfield industries. Trivest is thinking about using flextime to improve the employee morale, attain high job satisfaction and improve the overall productivity of the company. The report will outline the company background and provide detailed analysis of the advantages of flextime for the employees and the company. The company will also analyze the disadvantages of flextime for the employees and the company and provide recommendations that should be implemented by the company. Flexible working hours provide the employees an opportunity to attend to their family needs, personal obligations and life responsibilities more conveniently without jeopardizing their work demands (Financial Post, para 2). Flexible working schedules save employee commuting time and fuel costs since some commuting is outside the ‘rush hour’. This will allow employees to get at work in time and avoid the fuel costs that are incurred in traffic jams during the rush hours (Hirsh and Sun, para 3). The flexible working essential eliminate employee burnout and overload. Employees experience mental and psychical burnout while working on an ongoing schedule of eight hours per day and thus implementation of flexible work hours provides them time to relax and avoid burnout (Financial Post, para 3). Flexible working will allow employees to take personal control over their work schedules and working environment. Implementation of flexible work hours is a sign of compassion and

Advanced human resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Advanced human resource - Essay Example In 2014, Toyota has a net capital of 397.05 billion yen and it has 338,875 employees operating for accomplishing the organisational objectives (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2015). Toyota has been operating with highest market share in the world in the present day context. The company is also identified to be one of the largest companies in terms of revenue. Human Resource Department of the company has been identified to be facing Human Resource (HR) issues, which has been adversely affecting the operations of the business to a certain extent. For a company, human resource is ascertaining to be the main asset to develop and grow, as human resource facilitates in performing operations in accordance with organisational objective (Ekshan & Othman, 2009). The three HR issues faced by the company include training, negative behaviour, and employee engagement and commitment (Austenfeld, 2006). For making the employee perfect and efficient, effective training is needed to be provided, so that the employees are able to perform their tasks effectively and efficiently for accomplishing organisational objectives. Providing better training to the employees of the company helps in building up the right skills and knowledge of the subsequent products that are to be offered for meeting the preferences of the customers. Training is an important aspect for motivating as well as developing the competency of the employees, so that the employees are able to perform their operations on the basis of organisational needs. The objective of training involves mostly acquisition of knowledge needed for the staff to perform their function in a better way (Dyer, 2008). Negative behaviour in the organisation could affect the growth of the company. In addition, it affects the productivity and profitability of the organisation. In the organisation, the employees develop negative behaviour at the time

Differences in Worlds Economic Models. Structural Trade Adjustment Assignment

Differences in Worlds Economic Models. Structural Trade Adjustment. Fair Trade policy - Assignment Example Promoting the concept of globalization and opening gates for multinationals, the BWIs designed such exchanging trade policies in which there is an exchange of business and generation of the profits. High privatization, reduction of Government interference, reduction of public spending, wage suppression, low tariffs, and high international trade exchange are features of SALPs Structural adjustment loan programs (WHO). SALs are adjustments for poorer states while these are sources of profit for richer countries. SALs are instruments to provide loans to under developing nations in terms of availing their geographical resources. This is to favor MCNs Multinational Corporations, which take such resources for incremental profit maximization activity. International businessmen, money makers, stake holders and policy executors all benefit from SALs but keep detrimental effect for international loan borrowers mostly the underdeveloped nations (WHO). The case of Serbia was a major highlight, w hen Structural Adjustment Loans introduced brought detrimental effects for the people of Serbia. According to IFIs International Financial Institutions â€Å"SINCE THE BANK AND OTHER IFIs SHOW NO SIGN OF CLOSING THEIR DOORS, GENDER ACTION BELIEVES THAT IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO ENSURE THAT THEIR LOANS ASSIST AND NOT HARM THE POOR AMONG WHOME THE MAJORITY ARE FEMALES† (Vladisavljevic and Zuckerman, pp. 3). Opposite to the statement came out in Serbia, where poor groups became jobless and with health expenditure cutbacks working women were brought to unpaid care services (Vladisavljevic and Zuckerman). NAFTA In the last decades, NAFTA was one of the finest examples of liberal trade â€Å"free trade†. It came out as a source of development and growth for all member countries which took part in such liberal trade agreement. In the start, NAFTA established the pool of 436 million people which later on produced $12 trillion worth of goods on the annual basis (McKinney). The pe riod of the decade 1993-2003 was tremendous projecting the real economies of scale in the NAFTA member countries. Though the starting impact was positive but later NAFTA brought worst effects on member countries and other parts of the world. According to Economic policy institute, NAFTA created unemployment, reduced wages, and obscured labor rights in Mexico (White). This inevitably brought gang wars, drug apprehension and poverty in the Mexico district (White). Apart from the member States, rest of the world also got affected. India was found with numerous child labor cases, China with starvation wages, and Korea with slave-labor, which was all because of the weak NAFTA policy that neglected labor rights and their implementation (White). Fair Trade When there are high business interests, exerted market pressures, and continuous exploitation of resources then reformists advice Fair Trade to stabilize such dissolving business order. Fair Trade is used to bring solidarity, a reform wh ich remove the multinational culture and bring highest apprehension of environmental codes and obligations. When Fair Trade policies are implemented then Governments take part in the business. Their concern is to serve public and to establish the norms of social well being, which are all astray in any international conventional business order (Raynolds, Murray and Wilkinson, pp. 1-20). In a Fair Trade policy, the aims are not to meet market competition or to produce cheaper but instead quality goods and in bulk volumes. With the execution of the Fair Trade programme, the business becomes transparent and opened for the public. Social well being and valuation of environment all becomes

The New Intelligence Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The New Intelligence Community - Essay Example Critics of the new intelligence community set up maintained that the system is so complex that it became hard to manage; hence doubts on its effectiveness continue to spread. According to an article by Priest and Arkin (2010) in the Washington Post, the intelligence community is enormous, with redundant agencies and tons of reports generated every day that many end up being ignored, resulting to waste of resources and effort. Consequently, the complexity of the intelligence community only causes the ODNI to lack focus on it various agencies. In addition, the President’s Intelligence Advisory Boards stressed that the ODNI must be â€Å"downsized but strengthen by transferring certain functions to other agencies† (Best, 2010, p. 6) because it cannot supervise and assume responsibility to the massive department on its own. The support of the Congress to the development of ODNI is also essential in strengthening the role of the latter, its functions and extent of authority in order to effectively lead the different intelligence agencies under its wing. Nevertheless, the new role of the ODNI is still being developed. With just a few years of operation, the new intelligence system continues to face challenges in cooperating among agencies while sorting out critical reports on terrorism. It is too early to claim that the ODNI is a failure. Given the support of the Congress in defining its role, power and responsibilities, the ODNI can eventually learn how to manage its agencies more successfully. It should also consider reviewing the agencies doing the same work and identify critical reports to efficiently use its resources and

Nuclear power as an alternative energy source Essay

Nuclear power as an alternative energy source - Essay Example Several countries like China are waking up to the possibilities of this energy source with staggering 25 nuclear reactors in the pipeline. The benefits of nuclear energy as an energy source are many, especially the fact that it is renewable. However, a few disastrous occurrences like the Chernobyl disaster in Russia and the Fukushima power plant catastrophe in Japan provide a counter-argument. The premise of this paper is to discuss nuclear power generation, its pros and cons, and whether it is worth pursuing as an alternative energy source of the future. Is nuclear power a viable answer to heal a planet ravaged by global warming? Alternatively, is it a dangerous and expensive alternative for energy needs satisfaction? Nuclear energy generation is attained via both nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion has potential for the generation of much less waste of radioactive nature as compared to nuclear fission. However, nuclear fusion, as potentially viable as it seems, is quite technically difficult as a procedure, and is as of now quite some way from being utilized in large scale power plants that can be considered functional (Craddock 117). Interest in nuclear energy for power generation began with the discovery of radioactive elements like uranium in the early 20th century. The splitting of the atomic nucleus, fission, creates energy in a reactor. An element possessing a heavy nucleus, like U-235, is struck by a neutron, which divides it into two lighter nuclei. Energy is released from this splitting, in the form of radiation and heat. Around 3-4 neutrons are released in the process and these split more nuclei, setting off a chain reaction (Craddock 119). The USSR’s nuclear plant at Obninsk became the first nuclear plant to produce power in the world for a power grid, producing some five MW of power. Calder Hall in the English region of Sellafield became the first commercial station

Movie analysis of the TV Movie Bonanza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Movie analysis of the TV Movie Bonanza - Essay Example Most of all, it was a time when Americans were not quite settled with members outside of their race, including, but not limited to the Chinese. Second, we will, next, take a look at the place where â€Å"Bonanza† had taken place, in Virginia City, Nevada. The scenes were set on the Nevada Ranch territory. Ben Cartwright, himself, was a wealthy rancher who owned a 600,000-acre ranch, the largest in the territory. However, despite his riches, he never forgot how he started, where he came from and that he needed to help others struggling along the way. One of the values that Ben Cartwright strived to instill in the audience of the movie of â€Å"Bonanza† is brotherly love, whether it was through their father, Ben Cartwright, through his sons, Adam, Eric ‘Hoss’ and Joseph ‘Little Joe’, or another neighbor in the community. Ben Cartwright prided himself on being a Christian, and, also, the fact that he was enable to instill in his sons the right way to live and to treat others. Another value that Ben Cartwright strived to instill in the viewers of â€Å"Bonanza† was neighborly love. He was always willing to help out another neighbor in need or if they needed his advice. Ben Cartwright also taught his sons how to â€Å"stick† together as a family, and, in turn, his sons reached out to other members of the community in the same capacity. The Cartwrights always â€Å"stuck† together as a family, no matter what, and tried to help each other through the rough times. Victor Sen Hung played the role of Hop Sing, the Cartwrights’ family cook. Now, while most people might have viewed the role of the family’s cook as subservient, Hung’s role of Hop Sing was incorporated into the Cartwrights’ television family because, not only did the Cartwrights view Sing as their cook, but they also viewed him as their friend. The Cartwrights included

Traditional Professional Identity Of Nursing Might Be Lost

Traditional Professional Identity Of Nursing Might Be Lost Nurse, a multitask angel, is always caring for the sick, public, patients and their families , helping with the management stuff and assisting other health care providers in order to provide holistic quality care through teamwork and caring service. This eventually brings to confusion and conflicting opinions as the professional identity of nursing become unclear and the blurring of boundaries are existing inadvertently. Barber (2002) commended that the traditional professional identity of nursing might be lost in the context of the expanded role by the nurse. The nurse tends to pass the traditional nursing role to others junior staff or healthcare assistants whenever they extended their scope of practice which usually done by doctors. As many others hospital setting, the problem in my working area are lack of doctors and the nurses appear to be the largest group in the health setting. The article( Star on line) (2010) reported that in Malaysia, the doctor and patient ratio is 1:940 in year 2009 and the nurse patient ratio is 1:645 in year 2009 and 1:375 in year 2010 as reported in The Star on line (2008). Thus, In the context of lacking of doctors, the nurses tend to takeover the expended role voluntarily as they are willing to learn and developing themselves. The expanded role usually performed by the staff in my ward is cannulation, this happened whenever the doctors are busy covering a few wards during night duty. No doubt it actually greatly increased their burdens, but they do have their key role in coordinating patients care and look after them from the organizational turbulence. Rushforth Mc Donald (2004) had done a survey on the expanded role of nurses on procedure such as IV admistration, Cannulation, ECG recording, Defibrillation and Prescibing, they found that on cannulation alone are performed by over 50% of the nurses in the respective area. The female medical ward which has 35 beds is a busy ward and one of the highest admission rate in the hospital, the turnover rate is high as the number of admissions. The bed occupancy rate was xxx% and a total number of xx patients were admitted in 2009. The average length of stay was xx days, the ward has divided into five cubicles and 2 isolation rooms for the patient either receive chemotherapy and cases of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ( ESBL). The total number of nurses in my unit are 27 and eight out of them are senior staff nurses. Most of the patient admitted is due to hypertension, diabetes mellitus and anemia and they need the cannulation for the continuation of injection antibiotic, maintenance of fluid to prevent dehydration and blood transfusion purposes. In this paper, I will discuss the crossing boundary in the context of cannulation being done by nurses. Although the senior staffs are given the authority by doctors in performing the cannulation to the patients, sometime they are facing the situation of the role uncertainty and decision making in expending their role. In the United Kingdom, the neonatal nurse are given the title of Advanced Neonatal Nurse Practitioner after completed the course, they are able to perform the duty as the junior doctors competently and efficiently in handling the cases of the high risk infant as described by Dilon George ( 1997). The diabetes specialist nurse provide the need of the patient relating to diet control, self monitoring and treatment as illustrated by Loveman et al ( 2003). Similarly in Malaysia, the diabetes nurse who are educating the diabetes patients and neonatal nurse who are taking care of the newborn infant are not given the title such as nurse practitioner, advanced nurse practitioner and clinical specialist nurse. Those nurses are undergone specialized post basic training and most of them are quite senior but always been referred as neonatal nurse, diabetes nurse, stoma nurse, critical care nurse and so on. Nancarrow (2004) illustrated that increasing in the overlapping of the extended role is result from the growth of the interprofessional practice and training. It happened among nurses and others healthcare providers such as doctors, dietician, pharmacist and physiotherapist which has brings to the establishment of the new nursing roles. However, Cameron (2010) has found that the senior nurses felt empowered in expanding their role and appear to be more acceptable about flexible work and multi-skilling to improve continuity, efficiency and effectiveness of patient care compare to the junior staffs who felt more stressful in the expanded role. As a nurse, I think this is due to the complex situation because of time constrain, lacking resources available nor in the nursing curriculums or workplaces. I am working as a staff nurse in a medical ward and have 18 years of experience. From my experience, I noticed that the senior staff frequently making recommendations regarding patient care and they do influence decision making by providing related information about the patient. This is always happened spontaneously during the interaction in between the nurses and the doctors. In my practice setting, the ward are monopoly by doctors because of they are seen owing full professional status by having exclusive theoretical knowledge which enable them to control over nurses. However, the junior doctors are rotating every three month and they are relied on the senior nurses for guidance on the aspects of ward practice and the details of local protocols. For instance, in the treatment decision, they will seek for the nursing advice about drug dosages if they are unclear. Jones (2007) has described boundaries can be known as Interfaces, clear dividing margins between different ownerships areas or shared areas of contact . The blurring boundaries that commonly happened in my ward is cannulation which is supposed to be performed by doctor but it is done by the senior nurses in the ward. It frequently happened during night duty, usually there are only one specialist on call, one medical official and one junior doctor on call, one senior staff nurse with post basic and two junior staff nurses are on duty. The junior doctor is responsibilities to cover a few medical wards included acute medical ward which has a few ill and ventilated patients. The problem arise whenever the nurses facing difficulties in getting the junior doctors to come to the ward to set cannula resulting the burden has increase to ward staff. The nurse must undertake the cannulation themselves either in providing the continuity of circulatory antibiotic levels or to ensure the maintena nce of adequate fluid status for the patient. However, Tye and Ross (2000) has illustrate that an evaluation done by the key stakeholders within the organization indicates that the extended role of the nurses may culminate in uncertainty, individual variation and a perception of a blurring of role boundaries. Hoder and Schenthal (2007) described that professional boundaries are defined as limit-lines protection in between the nurse and the patient. The demand for professional boundaries has increasing drastically in nursing profession, resulting the limitation must be set to ensure a safe, therapeutic connection among the nurse-client relationship. An essential component of competent and ethical nursing care is required in providing better services and reducing underlying conflict. It is the responsibilities of the nurses to establish and sustain the professional relationship through the guidance of code of ethics and professional standards. Most of the nurses in my ward are facing with the challenges even though they are given the authority in setting the cannula, this is because they have to make difficult decisions and facing uncertainty whenever they are dealing with difficult situation. In minimizing the uncertainty, they are practicing a few routes to ensure the best services are delivered to the client. First, through the documentation of evidence based practice on client preference, the nurse must get the consent or agreement from the client before delivering the services to him/her. Besides that, the NNIA ( National Nursing International Audit) are implemented to ensure the current practice did not increase infection and insertion site phlebitis, the audit is carried out by the nursing team in my practice area every twice yearly. Secondly is the source through SOP( Standard Of Procedure) and protocol or guideline that is easily accessible for nurses as referral when need. The nurses are practicing the proper hand washing technique and performing the procedure under aseptic technique to avoid infection during performing the cannulation for client. From a professional perspective, the Code of Professional Conduct for nurses (1998) states that individual nurses have a responsibilities to keep up with advances in health practice and maintain their competence in nursing knowledge and skills. Aveyard and Sharp (2009) illustrate that by performing the latest evidence based practice is able to protect the healthcare provider from any legal proceedings. The third source is the intuitive knowledge that emerged from the past experience. Benner (1984) has described a nurse must passes through five stages that is from novice to expert. Although the contribution of knowledge has been acknowledge in clinical practice, most of the credibility is subjected to biasness. This is supported by Romyn et al (2003) said that credibility must base on knowledge that used to be critique and scrutinized. In order to perform the task of decision making, Dowding and Thompson (2003) stipulated the nurses must aware that the impact of decision making are influence on nursing outcome and patients experience. Simpson and Courtney (2002) emphasized that the nurses must be able to think critically to provide best care at the same time dealing with the expansion role especially in the current health care system as it appears to be more complex over the last few decades. As suggestion, Rushforth and McDonald (2004) recommended that a sense of balancing and safer policy is needed for the few senior nurses to expand their role without jeopardized to the nursing component. The nurses are fit to practice and accountable for the nursing care they provide. Oermann(2007) suggested that evidence based practice in nursing can be searched in the web sites. By using the available research evidence and clinical expertise, the nurses are able to focus on nursing knowledge in minimizing the role uncertainty and developing a culture of lifelong learning. A emergence training programme for cannulation and re-evaluation on regular interval is needed to ensure the standard is maintained accordingly. However, training alone is inadequate to bring a change in the behavior of the nurses to take on their expanded role in performing the advanced skills. The nurses perception and the support systems are some of the important factors to be address such as opportunity are provided on regular basis in maintaining ones competencies and support from supervisors to facilitate and guide the senior nurses in the overlapping role. Inevitably, there is far-reaching implication pending on how the nurses conduct themselves in their relationships. If the blurring boundaries always happened, the nurses will be confused as it bring into an ethical issue regarding their professional role. Barber (2002) suggested that all practitioners are responsible toward their action and have high awareness of legal implication of practice during performing their overlapping role. However, Molyneux (2001) described that contribution of care from multidiscipline for the same patient through collaboration, knowledge and skills. Caldwell and Atwal (2003) found that different ideologies, unequal power, overlapping role and communication are the difficulties exist within the interprofessional practice. Therefore, a clear flow and structured at several level is needed for the interprofessional team to facilitate and guide their practice effectively. As conclusion, no doubt the nursing blurring boundaries may against the professional rule, but it had bring benefit to patients especially during night time and the treatment are able to carry out on time. Nurses must understand the additional responsibility invariably probably may increase their burden. Therefore, by using evidence-based practice, critical thinking and updating knowledge in lifelong learning, the nurses are able to extend and cross the boundaries safely to meet clients needs.